Sbe Malta 2016BEKAS

INTERNATIONAL SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
CONFERENCE
EUROPE & THE

MEDITERRANEAN.
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
16th-18th March 2016
Structural Optimization
including whole life cost of
a Timber Building using
evolutionary algorithms
Georgios K. Bekasa, Georgios E. Stavroulakisb
Department of Production Engineering and Management, Technical
University of Crete, Greece
a,b
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Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization
including whole life cost of a timber building using
OUTLINE
Objectives
Optimization process and scenarios
Life cycle costs of the examined subsystems
Variables of the optimization problem
Service lives prediction for the examined subsystems
EUROPE & THE

MEDITERRANEAN
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SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Valletta, Malta.
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including
whole life cost of a timber building using evolutionary
algorithms
OUTLINE
Model
Objective function
Constraints
Optimization methodology
Conclusions
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Session 4 - 17.03.16
OBJECTIVES
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OBJECTIVES
Minimization of the whole life cost (initial construction
cost + operational/maintenance costs) of the mechanical,
the energy and the structural subsystems of a timber
building.
Examined parameters: heating and cooling costs,
building envelope insulation profiles, window sizes,
photovoltaic array sizing, air-conditioning system type and
number of units, lighting control system, frame type
(frame bay length optimality), spacing among frames,
sizing of cross sections.
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Session 4 - 17.03.16
OBJECTIVES
Modeling is based on the Eurocodes and KENAK
(that is the Greek national interpretation of
European standard EN ISO 13790).
The examined costs are based on real market data
and when it was considered helpful, statistical and
machine learning techniques were used to
facilitate computational efficiency.
Ultimately, the proposed approach allows for more
efficiency in the usage of resources.
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Session 4 - 17.03.16
OPTIMIZATION PROCESS AND

SCENARIOS
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Session 4 - 17.03.16
algorithms

SCENARIOS
The present study -unlike similar ones- aims to a

holistic cost optimization (considering all the
critical mechanical, energy and structural
subsystems) of a timber building.
Subsystems such as frame bay length optimality
and spacing among frames are very rarely
encountered in similar structural optimization
studies.
Furthermore, most similar energy performance
optimization studies focus mostly on minimizing
energy consumption -not the whole life cost- of
each critical subsystem.
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Session 4 - 17.03.16

SCENARIOS
The relationship between the useful life of the

optimized subsystems and the whole life cost of
the building, is also examined by considering
three different periods:
Scenario 1:
15 years
Scenario 2:
25 years
Scenario 3:
35 years
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Session 4- 17.03.16
10
LIFE CYCLE COSTS OF THE EXAMINED

SUBSYSTEMS
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11

SUBSYSTEMS
The main considerations (that reflect a score of 50% economic
efficiency and 50% environmental friendliness), are the following:
The mineral wool wall insulation profiles and the gypsum boards
are expected to end up in a landfill.
The PV array requires replacement of the inverter (indicative useful
life: every 5-10 years). The periodic removal of the dust concentrated on
the panels is a negligible cost.
The maintenance rates for the structural frames are considered to
be equal to 4% of their initial value per year, with a start point 5 years
after its construction .
The maintenance rates for rest of the building are considered to be
equal to 1% of its initial value per year, with a start point 5 years after its
construction.
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Session 4 - 17.03.16
12

SUBSYSTEMS
For the HVAC systems, the maintenance rate is
considered to be equal to 2% of their initial
value (unaffected by inflation rates) per year.
The residual NP values of the building
components (windows, structural frames, walls,
insulation profiles) will be ignored, reflecting a
predefined design assumption that the building
owner would not be interested to recycle
them or reuse them at the end of its life cycle.
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Session 4 - 17.03.16
13
VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
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14

Building envelope u-values.
Area of windows (south elevation and north elevation).
In the simulation, it is assumed that area of windows at the
south elevation and north elevation can have a value
between 20 and 150 m2.
Area of windows (all other elevations). It is assumed that
area of windows can have a value between 10.50 and 100
m 2.
ggl value (window glass solar heat gain coefficient; it is
assumed that it can have a value between 0.29 and 0.55).
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Type of air conditioning system based on its energy
parameters (SCOP (Seasonal coefficient of performance),
SEER (Seasonal energy efficiency ratio), Power in kW). 25
different A/C types were considered.
Number of A/C units: between 1 and 15.
Variable examining whether the existence of lighting control
is a cost-effective decision or not.
Heating energy needs during the day of winter that
exhibits the lowest levels of solar irradiation that can be
covered by a photovoltaic panel array, in a way that a 4day autonomy is also ensured: between 0 and 20 kWp.
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Session 4 - 17.03.16
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Session 4 - 17.03.16
19
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Variable related to the spacing between the structural frames

(4 possible choices corresponding to a number of equally spaced
frames between 3 (30/3 = 10 m) and 6 (30/6 = 5 m)).
Variable related to the form of the frames that compose the
building whose change influences the number of bays (4 possible
choices leading to a total number of beam-column elements
between 13 and 19).
Variables related to the lengths of the front beams. The front
elevation is considered to be the one that is equal to 35 m,
therefore the front beams are the ones along that direction. Each
front beam length is considered to have a value between 3 and 6
meters.
Variables related to the cross sections of the ground floor
columns that compose the structural frames. The following cross
sections were considered in the simulation: b = 100 mm h = 100 mm, b = 125
4 - 17.03.16
mm h = 125 mm, b = 150 mm h =Session
150 mm,
b = 175 mm h = 175 mm, b = 200 mm h = 200 mm,
Georgios
K. Bekas
et.al
optimization
b = 225 mm h = 225 mm,
b = 250
mm
h -=Structural
250 mm,
b = 275 mm h = 275 mm, b = 300 21
mm h =
300 mm, b = 325 mm h = 325 mm, b = 350 mm h = 350 mm, b = 375 mm h = 375 mm, b = 400

Variables related to the cross sections of the upper
floor columns that compose the structural frames (same
as above).
Variables related to the cross sections of the front
beams that compose the structural frames. The following
cross sections were considered: b = 100 mm h = 200 mm, b = 110 mm h = 210
mm, b = 120 mm h = 220 mm, b = 130 mm h = 230 mm, b = 140 mm h = 240 mm, b = 150 mm h = 250
mm, b = 240 mm h = 340 mm, b = 250 mm h = 350 mm
Variables related to the cross sections of the back

beams that compose the structural frames (same as
above).
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Session 4 - 17.03.16
22
SERVICE LIVES PREDICTION FOR THE

EXAMINED SUBSYSTEMS
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algorithms
23
SERVICE LIVES PREDICTION FOR THE

EXAMINED SUBSYSTEMS
Building Exteriors, Doors and Windows: 80 years.
Mineral wool insulation profiles: 50 years.
Photovoltaic panels: 25 years.
HVAC systems: 15 years.
Structural timber: 50 years.
Lighting control systems: 15 years.
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Session 4 - 17.03.16
24
MODEL
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25
MODEL
A two-storey
timber office
building,
located on
Athens,
Greece.
Plan view:
Rectangular
shaped, 30x35
m.
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MODEL
Identical roof
and wall
insulation
profiles.
A 5-day working
week, a 12-hrs
occupancy and
a continuous
type of heating
is assumed.
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27
OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
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OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
total cost = cost of insulation + Heating
cost*Number of years + Cooling cost*Number of
years + cost of A/C system + cost of windows + cost
of roof + cost of walls + HVAC system maintenance
and replacements + general building maintenance
+ cost of the floor slab + cost of photovoltaic array
+ PV array maintenance and replacements costs +
frame costs + frame maintenance + illumination
costs + illumination control system cost +
illumination control system replacement cost + p i
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CONSTRAINTS
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CONSTRAINTS
The total area of the building windows should ensure
sufficient natural illumination and ventilation (at
least 10% of the total area of the building).
The power of the heating system and the cooling system
is determined and through the constraints it is ensured
that the heating and the cooling needs are covered for
the most adverse days of the winter and the summer
respectively.
Functional structural constraints (ULS, SLS) are
imposed after a structural analysis for each beam and
column, in accordance with Eurocode 5.
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31
OPTIMIZATION METHODOLOGY
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Session 4 - 17.03.16
32
OPTIMIZATION METHODOLOGY
Simulated annealing as well
as Genetic algorithms via
the use of the optimization
toolbox of Matlab.
The second method in all
scenarios was found to be
faster.
Nevertheless, the first
method is more suitable after
some relaxation of the
optimization search space
(when several initial optima
have been found).
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CONCLUSIONS
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CONCLUSIONS
No optimal front beam length was less than 4.62 m.
Moreover, the optimal total number of elements in the building
elevation that is equal to 35 m, is 13 and the optimal spacing
between frames -in the building elevation that is equal to 30
m- is 10 m.
For all scenarios, the most cost-effective combination for the
HVAC system is that of 3 units composed of A/C systems that
fall into the A-energy class category.
For all scenarios, it seems more preferable to primarily place
the larger total area of windows on the north elevation (the
elevation with the least amount of solar gains) and secondarily
on the south elevation (the elevation with the highest amount
of solar gains). This is related to the chosen geographic location.
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CONCLUSIONS
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Due to the occupancy profile of the building it seems

that for the examined rates and periods of times the
optimal mechanical equipment does not change
during the examined life cycle periods.
This is not necessarily the truth for other types of
buildings; due to the type and occupancy level of the
building considered in the simulation, a fast pay-off
is attained that excludes other types of photovoltaic
arrays and combinations of A/C systems for the
examined periods from being the optimal solution.
For all the examined scenarios, using a lighting
control system is not a cost-effective decision.
Session 4 - 17.03.16
36
Structural Optimization
including whole life cost of
a Timber Building using
Georgios K. Bekasa, Georgios E. Stavroulakisb
Department of Production Engineering and Management, Technical
University of Crete, Greece
a,b
EUROPE & THE

MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A
SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Valletta, Malta.
Session 4 - 17.03.16
37

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INTERNATIONAL SUSTAINABLE

EUROPE & THE

EUROPE & THE

EUROPE & THE

EUROPE & THE

EUROPE & THE

OPTIMIZATION PROCESS AND

EUROPE & THE

OPTIMIZATION PROCESS AND

The present study -unlike similar ones- aims to a

EUROPE & THE

OPTIMIZATION PROCESS AND

The relationship between the useful life of the

EUROPE & THE

LIFE CYCLE COSTS OF THE EXAMINED

EUROPE & THE

LIFE CYCLE COSTS OF THE EXAMINED

LIFE CYCLE COSTS OF THE EXAMINED

VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM

EUROPE & THE

VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM

VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM

EUROPE & THE

VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM

VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM

EUROPE & THE

VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM

EUROPE & THE

VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM

EUROPE & THE

VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM

EUROPE & THE

Variable related to the spacing between the structural frames

VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM

Variables related to the cross sections of the back

SERVICE LIVES PREDICTION FOR THE

EUROPE & THE

SERVICE LIVES PREDICTION FOR THE

EUROPE & THE

EUROPE & THE

EUROPE & THE

EUROPE & THE

EUROPE & THE

EUROPE & THE

EUROPE & THE

Due to the occupancy profile of the building it seems

EUROPE & THE

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