Digital Signaling Versus Analog

Signaling

Digital signaling

Digital or analog data is encoded into a digital

signal
Encoding may be chosen to conserve bandwidth or
to minimize error

Analog Signaling
Digital or analog data modulates analog carrier
signal
The frequency of the carrier fc is chosen to be
compatible with the transmission medium used
Modulation: the amplitude, frequency or phase of
the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the
modulating data signal
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Digital Signaling
Digital data, digital signal
Simplest encoding scheme: assign one voltage level
to binary one and another voltage level to binary
zero
More complex encoding schemes: are used to
improve performance (reduce transmission
bandwidth and minimize errors).
Examples are NRZ-L, NRZI, Manchester, etc.

Analog data, Digital signal

Analog data, such as voice and video
Often digitized to be able to use digital transmission
facility
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Example: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), which

Analog Signaling
Digital data, Analog Signal
A modem converts digital data to an analog signal so
that it can be transmitted over an analog line
The digital data modulates the amplitude, frequency,
or phase of a carrier analog signal
Examples: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency
Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Analog data, Analog Signal

Analog data, such as voice and video modulate the
amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier signal to
produce an analog signal in a different frequency band
Examples: Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency
Modulation (FM), Phase Modulation (PM)
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Digital Data, Digital Signal

Digital signal
discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses
each pulse is a signal element
binary data encoded into signal
elements

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Change which part of the

Carrier?
Carrier: A sin[t +]
A = const
= const
= const
Amplitude modulation
(AM)
A = A(t) carries
information

= const
= const

Frequency modulation
(FM)
A = const
= (t) carries
information

= const
Phase modulation (PM)
A = const
= const
= (t) carries
information

Digital Data, Analog Signal

Main use is public telephone system
has freq range of 300Hz to 3400Hz
use modem (modulator-demodulator)

The digital data modulates the amplitude

A, frequency fc , or phase of a carrier
signal A cos(2f c t )
Modulation techniques
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

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Modulation Techniques

Amplitude Shift Keying

(ASK)

Binary Frequency Shift

Keying (BFSK)

Binary Phase Shift

Keying (BPSK)
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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

In ASK, the two binary values are represented
by to different amplitudes of the carrier
frequency
The resulting modulated signal for one bit time
A cos(2f c t ), binary 1
sis
(t )
0,
binary 0

Susceptible to noise
Inefficient modulation technique
used for
up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
very high speeds over optical fiber

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Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)

The most common form of FSK is Binary FSK
(BFSK)
Two binary values represented
0 0 1 by
1 two
0 1 different
0 0 0 1 0
f f f f f f f f f f f
frequencies
(
f
and
f
)
1
2
A cos(2f t ), binary 1

s (t )

A cos( 2f 2t ), binary 0

less susceptible to noise than ASK

used for
up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
high frequency radio (3 to 30MHz)
even higher frequency on LANs using coaxial cable

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Full-Duplex BFSK Transmission on

a Voice-Grade line
Voice grade lines will pass voice frequencies in the
range 300 to 3400Hz
Full duplex means that signals are transmitted in both
directions at the same time

f1

f2

f3

f4

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Multiple FSK (MFSK)

More than two frequencies (M frequencies) are
used
More bandwidth efficient compared to BFSK
More susceptible to noise compared to BFSK
si (t ) signal:
A cos(2f i t ),
1 i M
MFSK
where

f i f c ( 2i 1 M ) f d
f c the carrier frequency
f d the difference frequency
M number of different signal elements 2 L
L number of bits per signal element
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Multiple FSK (MFSK)

MFSK signal:

si (t ) A cos(2f i t ),

1 i M

where
f i f c (2i 1 M ) f d
M number of different signal elements 2 L
L number of bits per signal element

Period of signal element

Ts LTb ,

Ts : signal element period

Minimum frequency separation

1 / Ts 2 f d

Tb : bit period

1 /( LTb ) 2 f d 1 / Tb 2 Lf d (bit rate)

MFSK signal bandwidth:

Wd M ( 2 f d ) 2 Mf d
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Example
With fc=250KHz, fd=25KHz, and M=8 (L=3 bits), we have
the following frequency assignment for each of the 8
possible 3-bit data combinations:
f i f c ( 2i 1 M ) f d
000

f1 75 KHz
f 2 125 KHz

001

010

011

f 4 225 KHz

100

101

f 5 275 KHz

f 6 325 KHz

110

f 7 375 KHz

111

f 3 175 KHz

bandwidth Ws 2 Mf d 400 KHz

f 8 425 KHz

This scheme can support a data rate of:

1 / Tb 2 Lf d 2(3bits )(25 Hz ) 150 Kbps
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Example
The following figure shows an example of MFSK with
M=4. An input bit stream of 20 bits is encoded 2bits at
a time, with each of the possible 2-bit combinations
fi
f c ( 2i 1 frequency.
M ) fd
transmitted as
a different
00

i 1

f1 f c 3 f d

01

i2

f2 fc fd

10

i3

f3 fc f d

11

i4

f4 fc 3 fd

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Phase of carrier signal is shifted to represent
data
Binary PSK (BPSK):
two
represent
two
2fphases
binary
1
A cos(
c t ),
s (t )
binary digits
A cos(2f c t ), binary 0
binary 1
A cos(2f c t ),

A cos( 2f c t ), binary 0
0

Ad (t ) cos(2f c t ),

d (t ) 1

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Differential PSK (DPSK)

In DPSK, the phase shift is with reference to the
previous bit transmitted rather than to some constant
reference signal
Binary 0:signal burst with the same phase as the
previous one
Binary 1:signal burst of opposite phase to the preceding
one

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Four-level PSK: Quadrature PSK

(QPSK)
More efficient use of bandwidth if each signal element
represents more than one bit
eg. shifts of /2 (90o)
each signal element represents two bits
split input data stream in two & modulate onto the phase of the
carrier

A cos(2f c t 4 )

3
A cos( 2f c t
)

4
s (t )
3
A cos(2f c t
)
4

A
cos(
2

f
t

)
c

11

01

00

10

can use 8 phase angles & more than one amplitude

9600bps modem uses 12 phase angles, four of which have two
amplitudes: this gives a total of 16 different signal elements
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QPSK and Offset QPSK (OQPSK)

Modulators

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Example of QPSK and OQPSK

Waveforms
for QPSK :
1 11 1

3
4
3
0 0 1 1
4

1 0 1 1
4
0 1 1 1

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Performance of ASK, FSK, MFSK, PSK

and MPSK
Bandwidth Efficiency
ASK/PSK:
MPSK:

data rate
R
1

,
transmission bandwidth BT 1 r

R log 2 M

,
BT
1 r

0 r 1

M : number of different signal elements

MFSK: R log 2 M
BT

(1 r ) M

Bit Error Rate (BER)

bit error rate of PSK and QPSK are about 3dB
superior to ASK and FSK (see Fig. 5.4)
for MFSK & MPSK have tradeoff between
bandwidth efficiency and error performance
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Performance of MFSK and MPSK

MFSK: increasing M decreases BER and decreases bandwidth
Efficiency
MPSK: Increasing M increases BER and increases bandwidth
efficiency

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

(QAM)
QAM used on asymmetric digital
subscriber line (ADSL) and some wireless
standards
combination of ASK and PSK
logical extension of QPSK
send two different signals simultaneously
on same carrier frequency
use two copies of carrier, one shifted by 90
each carrier is ASK modulated

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QAM modulator

QAM :

s (t ) d1 (t ) cos( 2f c t ) d 2 (t ) sin( 2f c t )


ASK

ASK

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QAM Variants
Two level ASK (two different amplitude
levels)
each of two streams in one of two states
four state system
essentially QPSK

Four level ASK (four different amplitude

levels)
combined stream in one of 16 states

Have 64 and 256 state systems

Improved data rate for given bandwidth
but increased potential error rate

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