Single Phase Induction

Motor
Kh. Muhammad Mashood
Bachelors of Electrical
Engineering

Introduction
Single Phase induction motor is a type of
induction motor which uses single phase
AC supply to stator.
The single-phase motor stator has a
laminated iron core with two windings
arranged perpendicularly. Main and
Auxiliary Windings.
The motor uses a squirrel cage rotor,
which has a laminated iron core with
slots.
Single phase motors are not self
starting.
Alternating field is different from rotating
filed.

Basic Theories
There are two basic theories which explain why a torque
is produced in the rotor once it is turning:
Double revolving field theory
Cross-field theory

Double Revolving Field Theory

A
single-phase AC current supplies
the main winding that produces a
pulsating magnetic field.
It can be divided into two
components

The interaction between the fields

and the current induced in the rotor
bars generates opposing torque.

Cross-Field Theory
This theory is concerned
with the voltages and
currents that the stationary
stator magnetic field can
induce in the bars of the
rotor when the rotor is
moving.

Starting Mechanism
Many mechanism adopted for this purpose.
Some are discussed here
Split Phase Winding Motor
Capacitor Start Motors
Permanent Split Capacitor Motor
Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor
Shaded Pole Motor

Split Phase Winding Motor

Higher resistance and higher
impedance of auxiliary winding.
Greater R/X ratio for Auxiliary
Winding.
Current leading in the auxiliary
winding
Centrifugal Switch changes state
at 75% of the rated speed
Moderater starting torque and low
starting current

Capacitor Start Motors

Starting torque can be more than
300% of the rated
High starting torque
Used in compressor, pumps, air
conditioners etc.

Permanent Split Capacitor Motor

Simpler than capacitor-start motor
Permanent capacitor made it to act
like three phase induction motor
Lower starting torque
Starting current much greater than
normal load current.
Capacitor does not balance the phase
under conditions.

Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor

High starting torque
Run Capacitor is typically 10 to 20
percent of the size of the starting
capacitor
Power factor nearly equal to unity
Used in refrigerator units, compressors
etc.

Shaded Pole Motor

Instead of having auxiliary winding it has
salient poles
Less starting torque

Efficient Starting Mechanism

Based on the starting and running characteristics the list from best
to worst is;
1. Capacitor-start, capacitor-run motor
2. Capacitor-start motor
3. Permanent Split-capacitor motor
4. Split-phase motor
5. Shaded-pole Motor

Working
SPEED CONTROL (Squirrel-cage motor):
1.Vary stator frequency
2.Change number of poles
3.Change applied terminal voltage

Terminal voltage changed using

4.Autotransformers
5.SRC or TRIAC circuit
6.Resistor in series with stator circuit

Working
SPEED CONTROL (Shaded-pole motor):
stator winding itself is used as an autotransformer
when full line voltage "V" is applied across the entire main
winding,
the motor operates normally since
it is getting its required terminal voltage across
the whole stator windings
when full line voltage "V" is applied across tap 2,
an identical voltage V will be induced in the upper half
of the winding by transformer action
total winding voltage will be twice the applied voltage,
i.e. 2V

Working
The smaller the fraction of the coil that the line voltage is
applied across, the greater the total voltage will be across the
whole winding, and the higher the speed of the motor will be for a
given load

Working
Advantages:
Inexpensive
Only taps and an ordinary multi-position switch needed
Power efficient
Lesser power consumption as compared to resistor
Standard approach for numerous fan & blower applications

Working
Circuit model
Based on double-revolving-field theory
When rotor is stalled
Motor appears to be a single-phase transformer with its
secondary shorted out
When rotor turns
Auxiliary winding
Effective rotor resistance depends
on relative motion b/w rotor &
stator magnetic fields

Working
However, in this case we have two
magnetic fields
For the forward magnetic field, per-unit
difference between rotor speed and
magnetic field speed is slip s
Forward magnetic field rotates at n-sync,
whereas reverse magnetic field rotates
at -(n-sync)
Per-unit difference 2 (2*n-sync)
Rotor's speed is s slower than forward
magnetic field
Difference b/w rotor and reverse
magnetic field = (2 - s)

Relations
Same relations that applied for three phase motor also apply for
both forward and backward components of single phase motor
Net power and torque is the difference
b/w forward and backward components

Relations

Relations

Conclusions
Least efficient then 3 phase induction motor.
Not self starting
Direction of Rotation cannot be reversed without some
changes
Non rotating type alternating flux in single phase
induction motor.

Current research areas

Alternating starting mechanism
Solid State Electronic Drivers (uses silicon controlled rectifiers)

this mechanism can be used with PID (Proportional

Intergral Derivative) Control Techniques to provide rotor
speed regulation for wind and solar powered SPIMs.

References
http://www.industrial-electronics.com/elecy4_22.html
http://www.electrical4u.com/single-phase-induction-moto
r/
http://www.electrical4u.com/types-of-single-phase-induc
tion-motor/
Electric Machinery Fundamentals, 4th Edition, Stephen J.
Chapman
http://www.slideshare.net/vijayraskar2003/1phase-indu
ction-motors?related=1