TRANSPORT

PHENOMENA

TOPICS
What are exactly Transport Phenomena?
How are these phenomena grouped together?
What does that mean?
How are they related?
General Equation of Transport Phenomena
Basic Equations

WHAT EXACTLY
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA?
Transport phenomena are really just a (fancy) way that
Chemical Engineers group together three areas of study that
have certain ideas in common.
These three areas of study are:
Fluid Mechanics (Momentum transport)
Heat Transfer (Heat transport)
Mass Transfer (Mass transport)

 Fluid Mechanics deals with the transfer of

momentum in a fluid.
Heat Transfer deals with the transfer of heat.
Mass Transfer deals with the transfer of
molecules/mass.

WHAT DOES THAT MEAN?

Fluid Mechanics deals with the transfer of momentum in a fluid.
On a molecular scale that means that the molecules banging into
each other transfer their momentum to other molecules.

On a larger scale, these molecules banging into each other

determine how the fluid will flow, i.e., smoothly (or laminar), or
roughly (turbulent).

WHAT DOES THAT MEAN?

Heat Transfer deals with the transfer of energy.
Typical modes of Heat Transfer are:
Conduction: If you touch something hot, you get
heat transfer via conduction.
Convection: If you hold your hand above a burner
on a stove, you will feel the hot air rising from the
burner; the heat is moving by convection.
Radiation: The warmth that you feel from the sun
is by way of radiation heat transfer.

WHAT DOES THAT MEAN?

Mass Transfer deals with the transfer of mass.
Example:
Take take a glass of water and put one drop of red dye in it. Even
if you don't stir the water, eventually the water will be
(uniformly) pinkish.
The dye spreads out by mass transfer.

HOW ARE THEY ALL RELATED?

They all are similar in their behavior.
They all move stuff (momentum, heat, or mass) from a region
where there is a high concentration of the stuff to a region where
there is a low concentration of the stuff.

HOW ARE THEY ALL RELATED?

In Fluid Mechanics momentum is transferred from a place where
there is a lot of momentum to a place where there is less.

EXAMPLE OF FLUID MECHANICS

A good analogy is the flow of traffic on a busy freeway, which can be

compared to flow over a flat plate.
The slower flow (the left lane on the freeway) is right next to the plate,
and the faster flow (the right lane on the freeway) on the surface of the
fluid.

HOW ARE THEY ALL RELATED?

In Heat Transfer, energy moves from a place where
there is a lot of it to a place where there is less of it.
For example, if you heat up a brick, then drop it into
cold water, the brick gets colder and the water gets
warmer. Once the brick and the water are at the
same temperature, no more energy can be
transferred.

HOW ARE THEY ALL RELATED?

Mass Transfer.
Back to the red dye example: the red dye
when it is first dropped into the water is at a
high concentration and the water is at zero
concentration. But, as the dye spreads out,
the concentration of the dye slowly
increases until it is all at the same low
concentration everywhere. Once the
concentration of the dye in the water is the
same everywhere, no more mass transfer
can take place.

ANALOGIES BETWEEN ALL

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

There is a driving force (momentum, temperature,

or concentration difference), which becomes
smaller as time progresses, and eventually
becomes zero when no more transport takes
place.

PHYSICAL LAWS
The types of transport phenomena can be described
mathematically by using three physical laws as;
Mass Conservation Laws
The Second Law of Newton
The First Law of Thermodynamics

THE GENERAL MASS BALANCE

EQUATION

Input
(Enters

through
system

boundaries)

Generation
(Produced

within

system)

Output
Consumption

(Leaves
(Consumed

through

within

system

the system)
boundaries)

Accumulation

(Buildup

within

system)

SECOND LAW OF
NEWTON
According to Newton, an object will only accelerate if there is
a net or unbalanced force acting upon it.
The presence of an unbalanced force will accelerate an
object - changing either its speed or its direction, or both.

NEWTONS SECOND LAW

Newton's second law of motion can be formally
stated as follows:
The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is
directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the
same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to
the mass of the object.

In terms of an equation, the net force is equated

to the product of the mass times the
acceleration.

Fnet ma

NEWTONS SECOND
LAW
The net force is the vector sum of all the forces. If all the
individual forces acting upon an object are known, then the
net force can be determined.

FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS

U Q W
U

internal energy

work

heat (or heat transfer)

Convention for Q and W: (+) if entering the system, (-) if leaving the
system
Note: This equation is for closed system only.

LEVELS AT WHICH TRANSPORT

PHENOMENA CAN BE STUDIED
Macroscopic level
Describe how momentum energy,
mass and angular momentum in the
system change because of the
introduction and reversal of different
streams or inputs/outputs to system
from surroundings.

Example

m in
(kg CH4/h)

Process
Unit

m out
(kg CH4/h)

LEVELS AT WHICH TRANSPORT

PHENOMENA CAN BE STUDIED
Microscopic level: examines what is happening to
the fluid mixture in a region within the equipment.
Equations of change are used to described how
the momentum, energy mass and angular
momentum change within this small region.
This aims to get information about velocity, T, P
and concentration profile within the system.

LEVELS AT WHICH TRANSPORT

PHENOMENA CAN BE STUDIED
Molecular level: fundamental understanding of the
mechanisms of momentum, energy and mass transport in
terms of molecular structure and intermolecular forces.

THE MECHANISMS OF
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
Molecular transport is characterized by individual movement
of particle.
Turbulent transport results from the movement of large
group of molecules.

NATURE OF FLOW:
Viscous (molecular)
flow
At low velocities
fluids tend to flow
without lateral
mixing; adjacent
layers slide past one
another.
The flow conditions is
called laminar flow.

NATURE OF FLOW (CONT)

Turbulent Flow
Erratic motion of the
particles within the
fluid.
Non-streamline flows

VELOCITY
DISTRIBUTION

GENERAL EQUATION OF
MOLECULAR TRANSPORT
Can be derivated using a simple gaseous model as shown in
the Figure 1.
This equation can be applied to describe momentum, energy
and mass transport phenomena in gasses, liquids and
solids.

FIGURE 1: GASEOUS MODEL

l

CONSIDERATIONS
The gas consists of rigid spherical molecules of a
diameter d.
There are no attraction and repulsion forces between the
molecules.
The molecule volume is not significant compared with
the intermolecular space.
The molecular collisions are perfectly elastic.

CONSIDERATIONS
Each molecule moves randomly in different
directions at the same velocity
Each molecule travels between two
consecutively collisions The number of
molecules is sufficiently large allowing to
take statistical averages of the described
properties which describe the molecules
The gas described has rectangular form
and is represented in a rectangular system
of coordinates.

CONSIDERATIONS
The molecule moves randomly in all
directions. In addition part of the total
number of molecules will move in each
direction. The volume element is divided in
two parts of thickness and area. All those
properties are the same in all parts.

Basic Laws of Momentum, Heat and Mass

Transport

NEWTONS LAW OF VISCOSITY

NEWTONS LAW OF VISCOSITY

F
V

A
Y
dvx

dy

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

FOURIERS LAW OF
HEAT CONDUCTION
T
qx k
x
T
q y k
y
T
qz k
z

q k T

FICKS LAW OF DIFFUSION

FICKS LAW OF DIFFUSION

Ay
A0 0
DAB
A
Y
d A
j Ay DAB
dy

GENERAL MOLECULAR TRANSPORT

EQUATION
General

rate of transfer =

driving force
resistance

Formal equation for molecular transport or diffusion of property

d
z
dz
where:

z - the flux of the property being transferred per unit cross-sectional area
perpendicular to the z direction of flow (in amount of property/s m2)
- a proportionality constant called diffusivity (in m2/s or ft2/s)
- the concentration of the property (in amount of property/m3 or ft3 )
z - the distance in the direction of flow in m or ft

d
z
dz
Flux

Momentum

zx

Heat

qz

Cp

Mass

J Az

DAB

Flux equation

d ux
u x zx
dz

d C pT
q
z
C pT
A
dz

cA

J Az DAB

Flux analogies of molecular momentum, heat and mass transfer

dc A
dz

TRANSPORT OF
FLUIDS

RHEOLOGY
the discipline of fluid mechanics which studies the
relationship between shear stress and shear strain

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
OF FLUIDS
PURELY VISCOUS
fluids that are without any solid-like elastic behavior
do not undergo any reverse deformation when shear stress is
removed
shear stress depends only on the rate of deformation and not
on the extent of deformation
VISCOELASTIC
exhibit both viscous and elastic properties

PURELY VISCOUS FLUIDS

Time-independent fluids
shear stress depends only on instantaneous shear rate

Newtonian
Dilatant
Pseudoplastic
Bingham plastic

Time-dependent fluids
shear stress depends on the past history of the rate of
deformation, as a result of structure or orientation buildup or
breakdown during deformation
Rheopectic
Thixotrophic

A rheogram is a plot of shear stress vs shear rate for a fluid is simple shear flow.

VISCOELASTIC FLUIDS
Exhibit elastic recovery from deformation when
stress is removed
Relaxation time
a measure of the time required for elastic effects to decay

Viscoelastic effects
important with sudden changes in rates of deformation
(e.g., flow startup and stop, flow through sudden change
is cross section)
may be absent in many fully developed flows

Examples: polymeric liquids

VISCOELASTIC FLUIDS
As a result of normal stresses perpendicular to the
direction of shear that differ from those in the
parallel direction
Weissenberg effect
the climbing up of fluid up a shaft rotating in the fluid
Die swell
a behavior in which the stream of fluid issuing from a
tube may expand to two or three times the tube
diameter

Weissenberg effect

Die swell

MARANGONI EFFECT
the mass transfer along an interface
between two fluids due to surface tension
gradient
Called thermo-capillary convection
(Benard-Marangoni convection) if
temperature-dependent
Applications:
Drying of wafers in IC
Welding
Crystal growth
Stabilization of soap bubbles (see
soap-propelled boat)

VISCOELASTIC FLUIDS
Deborah number
a parameter that indicates whether viscoelastic effects
are important
Ratio of the characteristic relaxation time of the fluid to
the characteristic time scale of the flow
Small Deborah number purely viscous behavior
Large Deborah number elastic solid behavior

ESTIMATION/PREDICTION OF
VISCOSITY
see Perrys ChE HB (pp 2-504 to 2-509)
note: dynamic viscosity is designated as

TIME DERIVATIVES IN TRANSPORT

PHENOMENA
SUBSTANTIAL DERIVATIVE
Example:
The pressure reported by a static-pressure sensor mounted on an
airplane in level flight shows zero rate of change.
A ground pressure sensor reports a non-zero rate as the airplane
rapidly flies by a few meters overhead.

Descriptions of Flow
EULERIAN
The velocities of a flow are given at fixed points in space as time varies. Example:
Both measuring device and frame of reference are fixed.

r r
r
r
v ( x , t ); p ( x , t ); ( x , t )

LAGRANGIAN
The quantities of the flow are given for a particular moving particle at varying time.

r
v p (t ); p p (t ); p (t )

LOOKING BACK
SUBSTANTIAL DERIVATIVE:
Eulerian

D
v
Dt t

Lagrangian

Eulerian
acceleration

D v

v v
Dt t
Lagrangian
acceleration

Convective
acceleration

Concept of steady flow

D
0
Dt

does not mean steady-state or steady flow.

Analogy: following a twig in water.

EXAMPLE: PLANE
POISEUILLE FLOW
An incompressible Newtonian fluid flows at steady rate in x
direction between two very large plates. The flow is laminar.
Find the velocity profile.

COORDINATE SYSTEMS
IN TRANSPORT
PHENOMENA
CONTROL VOLUME

RECTANGULAR
COORDINATES
y-plane

yy

yz

x-plane

yx

zy
z

zz

z-plane
x

xy
xx

zx xz
z

CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
z
r

Common Symmetry --Axisymmetric (2-D):

Radial (1-D):
Axial (1-D):
Circumferential (1-D):

(r, z) ( )
(r) ( , z )
(z) (r, )
( ) (r, z)

SPHERICAL
COORDINATES
z

r
x

r
y

y
x

Common Symmetry --Spherically Symmetric (1-D): r

Couette flow

FUNDAMENTAL DIMENSIONS & UNITS

Distance

cm

ft

Mass

kg

lbm

Time
Temperature

DERIVED DIMENSIONS &

UNITS
Area L2
m2
cm2 ft2
Volume L3
m3
cm3
Velocity L/t
m/s
cm/s
Acceleration
L/t2
m/s2
Density M/L3
kg/m3
g/m3
Force ML/t2
kg-m/s2 g-cm/s2
N
dyne
Stress/Pressure M/Lt2
N/m2
Pa
Momentum ML/t
kg-m/s
Rate of ML/t2
N
dyne
momentum

ft3
ft/s
cm/s2 ft/s2
lb/ft3
lbf
dyne/cm 2
g-cm/s
lbf

lb/in2
lb-ft/s

DERIVED DIMENSIONS & UNITS

Energy
J

ML2/t2 N-m
erg (calorie)

Power

dyne-cm
(BTU)

ML2/t3 J/s erg/s

Watt
Viscosity

M/Lt

Pa-s

poise

HP

ft-lb

PROBLEM 1
Determine the force required to move a thin plate of 30 60 cm2 size through a liquid
of viscosity 0.05 kg/ms at a velocity of 0.40 m/s. The liquid is filled between two
long parallel plates as shown:
60 cm

1.5 cm

V = 0.40 m/s

liquid
1.0 cm

PROBLEM 2
Referring to the figure, compute the stress on each plate when the lower plate velocity
is 10 ft/min, in the positive x-direction and the upper plate velocity is 35 ft/min in the
negative x-direction. The plates are placed 2 in apart and the fluid viscosity between
the plates remain constant at 150 cP. Also calculate the fluid velocity at every 0.5 in
interval.

-x

2.0 in

liquid

+x