Wind Farm Protection

Graeme Lloyd
Senior Product Management Engineer

EAI, Stafford 25/03/04

Co-generation/Embedded Machines

AR?

81U/O

Frequency

27/59

Voltage

50/51N

59N

Residual Voltage

df/dt

ROCOF (LOM)

dV

Voltage Vector Shift

(LOM)

32

O/C & E/F

Power

PES
system

Islanded load
fed unearthed

P341 (G59) Interconnection Protection

64
67N
50
51

50N
51N
59N

67
81O
81U

df
dt

dV

27
59

32
R,LF,O

33kV Transformer feeder extension to windfarm <10MVA,11kV collection

33kV ring network with embedded generation,

2 wind farms with collection voltage at 33 kV

Comprehensive Protection

Windfarm Protection Relays

Models
P341 G59 Interconnection
Protection Relay
P12x/P14x Feeder Protection
(OC, EF and AR)
P92x Voltage/Frequency
protection

ER G59 Protection Requirements for

Connection of Distributed Generators
<5MW to Systems <20kV

MiCOM P341 Applications

G59 Protection Equipment

- MiCOM P341 Generator Protection 10

10

MiCOM P341 Applications

G59 Protection Equipment
General Requirements Protective Equipment
To inhibit connection of the generating equipment to the RECs
supply unless all phases of the RECs supply are energised and
operating within the agreed protection settings
To disconnect the generator from the system when a system
abnormality occurs that results in an unacceptable deviation of
the voltage or frequency at the point of supply

- MiCOM P341 Generator Protection 11

11

MiCOM P341 Applications

G59 Protection Equipment
General Requirements Protective Equipment
To disconnect the generator from the RECs system in the event
of loss of one or more phases of the RECs supply to the
installation
To ensure that either the automatic disconnection of the
generating plant, or where there is component supervision of an
installation, the operation of an alarm with audible and visual
indication, in the event of a failure of any supplies to the
protective equipment that would inhibit its correct operation

- MiCOM P341 Generator Protection 12

12

MiCOM P341 Applications

G59 Protection Equipment

Protection Requirements for Private Generator Operating in

Parallel with Electricity Board Network
Notes: (1) Protection for generators
(2) Sensitive Relay
(3) Optional
(4) Application dependant
Protection required
Protection required for

Permanent Parallel Operation

LV Generators

HV Generators
Export

No
Export

Small
<150kV

Medium
150-250kVA

Large
>250kVA

Electricity Board Network

Under & Over Volt & Frequency
Loss of Mains (1)
Overcurrent
Earth Fault
Reverse Power

(2)

(3)

(3)

Directional Overcurrent (3)

Neutral Volt Displacement (4)
Parallel Limit Timer
13

13

MiCOM P341 Applications

G59 Protection Equipment

Protection Requirements for Private Generator Operating in

Parallel with Electricity Board Network
Notes: (1) Protection for generators
(2) Sensitive Relay
(3) Optional
(4) Application dependant
Protection required
Protection required for

Short Term Test Parallel Operation (5 min max)

LV Generators

HV Generators
No
Export

Small
<150kV

Medium
150-250kVA

Large
>250kVA

Electricity Board Network

Under & Over Voltage & Frequency
Loss of Mains (1)
Overcurrent
Earth Fault
Reverse Power
Directional Overcurrent (3)
Neutral Voltage Displacement (4)
Parallel Limit Timer
14

14

MiCOM P341 Applications

G59 Protection Equipment
Protective Equipment and Recommended Setting for LV
Supply Arrangements
Protection

Phases

Trip Setting

Total*
Tripping Time

Under Voltage

All

-10% (Phase neutral)

0.5s

Over Voltage

All

+10% (Phase neutral)

0.5s

Under Frequency

One

-6%

0.5s

Over frequency

One

+1%

0.5s

* The total tripping time includes any intrergration or timing period

of the protection relay as well as relay circuit-breaker operating
time

15

For all other arrangements the settings of the relays should be

agreed with the REC

15

MiCOM P341 Applications

G59 Protection Equipment
Voltage Vector Shift Protection
An expression for a sinusoidal mains voltage waveform is generally
given by the following:
V = Vp sin (wt) or V = Vp sin (t)
where

(t) = wt = 2ft

If the frequency is changing at constant rate Rf from a frequency fo

then the variation in the angle (t) is given by:
(t) = 2f dt, (F = Fo + Rf t)
which gives

(t) = 2{fo t + t Rf t/2}

and

V = V sin {2(fo + t Rf/2)t}

Hence the angle change (t) after time t is given by:

(t) = Rf t2

16

16

MiCOM P341 Applications

G59 Protection Equipment
Single phase line diagram showing generator parameters

jX

R
E

IL

VT

- MiCOM P341 Generator Protection 17

17

MiCOM P341 Applications

G59 Protection Equipment
Vector Diagram Representing Steady State Condition

IL

VT

IL X
IL R

- MiCOM P341 Generator Protection 18

18

MiCOM P341 Applications

G59 Protection Equipment
Transient voltage vector change due to change in
load current IL

IL

VT
VT

IL

I LX
I LR

I LX

- MiCOM P341 Generator Protection 19

19

MiCOM P341 Applications

G59 Protection Equipment

df/dt
The rate of change of speed, or frequency, following a power
disturbance can be approximated by:

df/dt =

P.f
2GH

where

P = Change in power output between

synchronised and islanded operation
f = Rated frequency
G = Machine rate MVA
H = Inertia constant

20

20

MiCOM P341 Applications

G59 Protection Equipment
P341 df/dt calculation

df/dt =

Fn- f

n - 3 cycle

3 cycle
Two consecutive calculations must give a result above
the setting threshold before a trip decision can be
initiated

- MiCOM P341 Generator Protection 21

21

MiCOM P341 Applications

G59 Protection Equipment
df/dt+t: Time Delayed ROCOF

Start

Pick up cycles

Trip
Time delay

df/dt Setting
22

22