Introduction to Well

Logging

Basic Well Logging Tools

Lithology Tools
Spontaneous Potential
Gamma Ray
Fluids Identification Tools
Resistivity
Laterolog
Induction

Petrophysical Tools
Porosity

Neutron
Density
Sonic

Auxiliary Tools

Caliper

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Intro
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Caliper
The Caliper log is a continuos measure

of the actual borehole diameter

Shows the condition of the well over

the footage where other tools are

being run (Washouts, bridges)
Caliper is also used to calculate the

volume of cement needed behind the

casing
Open hole log will give Volume of the

wellbore

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Intro
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Spontaneous Potential - SP
Measures the electrical potential in the

formation caused by the salinity difference

between the drilling mud and the formation
water
Generally an indicator of permeability
Generally mimics the GR curve

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Spontaneous Potential - SP

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Spontaneous Potential - SP
SP:

Membrane Potential Em
Liquid Junction
Potential - Ej
The SP cannot be

recorded in holes with

nonconductive muds

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Spontaneous Potential - SP
If Rmf > Rw
Shales will have a low SP
and clean sandstones will
have a higher SP.

If Rmf < Rw
Shales will have a high SP
and clean sandstones will
have a lower SP.

If Rmf = Rw
Little SP will be
developed and the SP log
will have very little
character.

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Intro
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Spontaneous Potential - SP
Shaliness indicator

SPshale = -10 mV
SPsand = -40 mV
SPlog = SP reading from
the log = -25 mV
The percentage of shale
will be :

SPlog - SPshale / SPsand

- SPshale =

15/-30 = .5 or 50% shale

Fresh and saltwater interface
Correlation

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SP Log Response
SP
Shale
Impervious
nonshale
Reservoir
bed
Impervious
nonshale
Reservoir
bed
Shale

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SP Log
001) BONANZA 1
GRC
0
SPC
-160 MV

ILDC
150

0.2

10700

SP
Log
10800

10900

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1.95

200

CNLLC
0.45
-0.15

SNC
40

0.2

ACAL
6

RHOC
200

MLLCF
16

0.2

200

2.95

150

DT
us/f

50

Gamma Ray

Gamma Ray Tools detect the naturally

occurring radiation within the rock
Potassium (K)
Uranium (U)
Thorium (Th)

Radioactive elements tend to

concentrate in clays and shales

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Gamma Ray
In sedimentary formations,

the GR log reflects the clay or

shale content
Clean formations, such as

sandstones or limestones,
usually have a very low level
of radioactivity
In general, the lower the

Gamma Ray reading, the

cleaner the sand
Gamma Ray logs can be run

in cased holes, but the data

will be suppressed

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Intro
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Example GR Log
001) BONANZA 1
GRC
0
SPC
-160 MV

ILDC
150

0.2

10700

GR
Log
10800

10900

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1.95

200

CNLLC
0.45
-0.15

SNC
40

0.2

ACAL
6

RHOC
200

MLLCF
16

0.2

200

2.95

150

DT
us/f

50

Resistivity Tools
Induction Tools
Run in nonconductive or low-conductivity muds
Dual Induction - DIL: Is the earlier version of induction
tool which read a Shallow (SFL) and deep measurement
Phasor Induction - DIT-E: Is an enhanced Induction tool
giving Shallow, Medium, and Deep measurements
Array Induction - AIT: Is the newer generation of Induction
tools giving 5 curves with set depths of investigation: 10
(shallow), 20, 30, 60, 90.
Laterolog Tools

Run in highly conductive muds (salt based)

HRLA

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Resistivity

Resistivity of the salt water

is low (highly conductive)

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Resistivity of the Oil is high

(Poor conductor)

Resistivity

Dry, nonmetallic minerals (rock matrix) have a very high

resistivity

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Resistivity

The resistivity of a rock is a measurement of the resistivity of the

rock matrix as well as the resistivity of the fluid within the porous
volume of the rock.

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Induction

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Borehole
Effects
on
Resistivity
Logs

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Resistivity Profiles
Depth of Investigation:
Logging tools are designed to
measure resistivity at different depths
radially from the wellbore to
determine the resistivity of the
flushed zone and the virgin zone.
Flushed zone - is closest to the
wellbore and has been invaded by
drilling fluids (original fluids have
been flushed out).
Virgin zone - is farthest from the
wellbore and has not been invaded by
drilling fluids. Clients will want to use
Virgin zone measurements

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Invasion
Resistivity profile is the

radial distribution of
resisitivity resulting from
the invasion of fluids
having different
conductivity than the
formation fluids.
Resistivity Profiles can
tell a client about
permeability on a
qualitative level.

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Intro
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Laterolog
Laterolog

Principle:
Measuring the
voltage
difference
between two
electrodes is the
fundamental
idea behind
laterolog
devices.

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Intro
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Example Log With Resistivity

001) BONANZA 1
GRC
0
SPC
-160 MV
6
10700

Resistivity
Log

10800

10900

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ACAL

150
40
16

0.2
0.2
0.2

ILDC
SNC
MLLCF

RHOC

200

1.95

200

CNLLC
0.45
-0.15

200

2.95

150

DT
us/f

50

Porosity
Porosity Tools
Density
Neutron
Sonic
Magnetic

Resonance

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Intro
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Density
Measuring the number of gamma rays and their

energy levels at a given distance from the source,

the electron density of the formation can be
predicted

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Density

1 / Porosity

Bulk Density

b ma 1 f

Matrix

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Fluids

Porosity From Density Log

Porosity equation

ma b

ma f
The fluid density equation

f mf Sxo h 1 Sxo
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Bulk Density Log

001) BONANZA 1
GRC
0

150

0.2

SPC
-160 MV

40

0.2

16

0.2

ACAL

ILDC
SNC

MLLCF

200

1.95

200

0.45

RHOC

2.95

DT
150 us/f

50

CNLLC
-0.15

200

10700

Bulk Density
Log
10800

10900

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Example Solution Density Log

001) BONANZA 1
GRC
0
150

0.2

SPC
-160MV 40

0.2

200

RHOC
1.95 2.95

200

DPHISS
0.45dec
-0.15

SNC

ACAL
6

ILDC

DT
150us/f 50

MLLCF
16

0.2

200

10700

DPHI
10800

10900

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Neutron
Neutron tools emit high

energy neutrons from

either a chemical source or
a neutron generator
device (minitron) and
measure the response of
these neutrons as they
interact with the formation
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Neutron

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Hydrogen is the most

effective element in the
slowing down (elastic
scattering) process of the
Neutron

Density - Neutron
GAS EFFECT

In sedimentary rocks the

presence of gas causes low
readings of porosity for the
neutron tool and causes high
values for the density tool
This Crossover is called Gas
Effect and is colored in red on
the log
The actual porosity is
determined by crossplotting
the Density porosity vs. the
Neutron porosity in a chart
book
*Sonic is not significantly affected
by gas

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This is why 2 different porosity tools are run

once

Example Compensated Neutron Log

001) BONANZA 1
GRC
0

150

0.2

SPC
MV

40

0.2

16

0.2

-160

ILDC
1.95

2.95

200

0.45

CNLLC
-0.15

SNC

ACAL
6

RHOC
200

150

DT
us/f

50

MLLCF
200

10700

Neutron
Log
10800

10900

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Sonic
Sonic Tools are based on

the measurement of the

velocity and amplitudes of
the sonic body waves in
the Rocks
Applications:

Mechanical properties :
Rock strength, Earth
stress
Rock Mechanical
Properties
Rock failure mechanisms
Formation evaluation
Cement bond logging

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Sonic - Formation Evaluation

The speed of sound depends

principally upon the rock matrix

material and the porosity.
The measurement of

compressional and shear wave

slowness can help us estimate:
Primary porosity
Lithology
Presence of natural gas

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Gas
Effect in
Sonic
Log

Sonic Log
The response can be written as follows:

t log t ma 1 t f

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t log t ma
t f t ma

Sonic Log

001) BONANZA 1
GRC
0

150

0.2

SPC
-160 MV

40

0.2

16

0.2

ACAL

ILDC
SNC
MLLCF

200

1.95

200

0.45

RHOC

2.95

DT
150 us/f

CNLLC
-0.15

200

10700

Sonic
Log
10800

10900

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50

Example Solution Sonic Log

001) BONANZA 1
GRC
0
150

0.2

SPC
-160 MV 40

0.2

ILDC

CNLLC
0.45 -0.15

DT
150us/f 50

200

RHOC
1.95 2.95

SPHISS
0.45dec
-0.15

SNC

ACAL
6

200

MLLCF
16

0.2

200

10700

SPHI

10800

10900

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Formation Water Resistivity

a
R
n
w

Sw
m R
t

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Determining Rw
Directly
From measured water sample
This is the most accurate Rw reading
Indirectly
From openhole well logs
SP logs
Pickett plots
Rwa technique

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Rw Using the Rwa Technique

R wa R t

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Mechanical Properties from

Logs
From sonic data the mechanical

properties of the rock can be calculated

giving a continuous stress and
mechanical properties profile, but it
needs to be calibrated with external,
data either from core test or DataFRAC
Dipole Sonic is an Array tool which

gives Mechanical Properties. Geoquest

will process the data and create a
FracHite log and Mechanical Properties.

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Intro
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Sonic - CBL
Cement Bond

Logging
Cement bond logs (CBL)
are used to evaluate the
quality of the cement
that was put in place
during the well
completion process
An Amplitude gives a
quantitative reading and
the VDL (Variable Density
Log) shows the quality of
the bond

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CMR - Combinable Magnetic

Resonance
CMR Gives information on:
Grain size and distribution
Permeability
Free-fluid porosity
Bound-fluid porosity
Helps client determine how much water

will actually flow out of the formation, and

how much is irreducible
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CMR
MDT Perm
plotted on top
of CMR Perm

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T2 Distributio

FMI
By wrapping the log

we can envision the

wellbore
Faults and fractures

can be
traced on the log
Thin laminations can

be seen in the images

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