LEVELLING

Levelling
Definition of levelling : Levelling is the
process of measuring the difference
in height between points on the
surface of the earth.
Level line / level surface : A line lying
throughout on one level surface and
normal to the direction of gravity at
all points.
Datum surface or : Any level surface or
line , known height, from which
heights or levels are measured.

Levelling

Levelling
Reduced Level of a point : Height of the point
above the particular datum in use.
Bench Mark : Fixed point of known height, from
which other levels may beestablished
Back sight : The first sight taken after setting up
a levelling instrument

Levelling
Fore sight : The last sight taken before moving
the instrument
Intermediate sight : Any levelling sight which is
neither a backsight nor a fore sight.
Changepoint : Stable point on which the level
staf is held while the levels moved from one set
up point to another.

METODE PENGUKURAN
1. Barometrik (Barometric Levelling )
2. Trigonometrik (Trigonometric Levelling)
3. Takhimetrik ( Tachymetric Levelling)
4. Sipat Datar (Spirit Levelling )

Sipat Datar

Konsep penentuan beda tinggi

antara dua titik atau lebih dg garis
mendatar/horisontal yg diarahkan
pd rambu2x yg diletakkan
tegak/vertikal

Metode Pengukuran Sipat Datar

Alat diletakkan diatas titik
bt
h

Beda Tinggi = h - bt

Metode Pengukuran Sipat Datar

Alat diletakkan diantara dua titik
btA

btB

Beda tinggi = btA - btB

Metode Pengukuran Sipat Datar

Alat diletakan diluar dari kedua titik
bt A
bt B

Beda

tinggi = btA-btB

TYPES OF SPIRIT LEVELLING or

Classification of Levelling
DIFFERENTIAL LEVELLING : It is method of direct
levelling the object of which is solely to determine
the difference in elevation of two points regardless
of the horizontal positions of the points with respect
of each other. When the points are apart, it may be
necessary to set up the instrument several times.
This type of levelling is also known as fly levelling.
PROFILE LEVELLING : It is the method of directlevelling the object of which is to determine the
elevations of points at measured intervals along a
given line in order to obtain a profile of the surface
along that line.

TYPES OF SPIRIT LEVELLING or

Classification of levelling
CROSS SECTIONING : Cross Sectioning or cross-levelling is
process of taking levels on each side of a main line at right
angles to that line in order to determine a vertical cross section
of the surface of the ground, or of underlying strata, or of both.
RECIPROCAL LEVELLING : It is the method of levelling in
which the difference in elevation between two points is
accurately determined by two sets of reciprocal observations
when it is not possible to set up the level between the two
points.
PRECISE LEVELLING : It is the levelling in which the degree
of precision required is to great too be attained by ordinary
methods, and which, therefore, special precautions or both are
necessary to eliminate, as far as possible all sources of error.

Pengukuran Beda Tinggi

Perhitungan beda tinggi ( Metode Rise and Fall )

Per Seksi/Slaag
Beda Tinggi ( h= bt blk - bt mk )
Total beda tinggi
Total
h = (Jml bt blk jml bt mk )
Kontrol hitungan
Rl akhr Rl awal = Jml blk jml mk = Jml naik
jml turun

Data-data Pengukuran

Analisa Data Pengukuran

Ketelitian Pengukuran
Toleransi Kesalahan ( E dlm mm )
E = k V d --- : k = Ketelitian alat
d = dlm km

LOKASI TITIK TITIK

PENGUKURAN BEDA TINGGI
( Klas 1 TKG1 )

Route 1 : BM > C > D > F > TB > Q > BM2 > P > BM
Route 2 : Q > TB > H > I > J > K > P > BM > Q
Route 3 : S > J > L > M > N > O > P > BM > BM2 > S
Route 4 : E > F > G > H > TB > Q > BM > C > D > E

Titik BM sebagai Referensi dengan Elevasi + 10

Pengukuran Profil
Tujuan :

Menggambarkan penampang
permukaan tanah
Perencanaan muka jalan, saluran,
lantai bangunan
Perhitungan volume tanah , galian /
timbunan

Metode Pengukuran

Metode Height Plane Collimation /HPC

Tinggi HPC = Tinggi Titik + bt blk
Tinggi titik ( A ) = Tinggi HPC - bt ( A )
Kontrol Hitungan
Jml tg ttk kecuali awal = (Jml masing2 HPC x jml
Pengamatan ke detail & muka) Jml bacaan bt
arah detail dan muka

Data Pengukuran
(Metode Rise and Fall )

Data Pengukuran
( Metode Tinggi Garis Bidik/HPC)

Analisa Data Pengukuran

Plotting Profil Memanjang

Plotting Profil Memanjang

Plotting Profil Melintang

Plotting Profil Melintang

Pengukuran Kontur
Tujuan :
Untuk menggambarkan tinggi rendahnya
muka tanah dr suatu area/daerah.
Untuk perencanaan tata letak bangunan
Untuk perhitungan volume pekerjaan
tanah

Terima Kasih Selamat Bekerja

Choice of vertical Interval Contour

The purpose and extent of the survey
The scale of the map or plan
The nature of the terrain

Contour Characteristics
a. Regular gradient ( miring teratur )
b. The contours are closer at the top of the slope than at
the bottom. (Bentuk cekung/concave )
c. Portrays a convex slope ( bentuk cembung )
d. V-shape; the V always points towards the source of
the river
e. V-shape but point downhill forming a nose or spur.
f. Unite to form one
g. Cannot split ( bercabang ) in two lines of the same
elevation
h. Cannot simply end ( continue)
i. Steepest slope

Contour characteristics

Peta Kontur

Site Plain

Metode Pengukuran
Cara Langsung ( Direct ) :
Levelling
Survey of the pegs
Plotting ( Penggambaran )

Metode Pengukuran Langsung

Indirect method
Setting out a grid
Levelling
Plotting : Interpolating the contour
Mathematically
Graphically

Setting out a grid

Levelling

Plotting : Mathemacally

Plotting : Graphically

- Graphically

Penggambaran Kontur Tak

Langsung

Use of contour map

Volume

Reciprocal Levelling

Reciprocal Levelling
The errors of observation from each set-up are
approximately the same.
The True diff.level : (as example)

Observations from Station X :

On staff held at A
= 1.470
On staff held at B
= 3.562
Diff. level
= 2.092
Observations from Station Y :
On staff held at A
= 0.516
On staff held at B
= 2.620
Diff.level
= 2.104

Reciprocal Levelling
The True Difference in level =
2.092 + 2.104
-------------------- = 2.098 m
2

ERRORS IN LEVELLING
INSTRUMENTAL :
Error due to imperfect adjustment
Error due to sluggish bubble
Error due to movement of objective slide
Rod not of standard length
Error due to defective joint

ERRORS IN LEVELLING
NATURAL
Earths Curvature
Atmospheric Refraction
Variations temperature
Settlement of tripode or turning points
Wind vibrations

ERRORS IN LEVELLING
PERSONAL
Mistakes in manipulation
Rod handling
Mistake in reading the rod
Errors in sighting
Mistakes in recording

Curvature and Refraction

To Calculate the effect of curvature and
Refraction
R = mean radius of the earth ( 6370 km)
By Pythagorass Theorem :
( CD + R )2 = ( K 2 + R 2 )
CD 2 + 2 CD.R + R 2 = K 2 + R 2
CD 2 + 2 CD.R = K 2 ---- CD ( CD+2R)=K
CD so small compared with R that fore can be ignored < R

CURVATURE & REFRACTION

Curvature and Refraction

CD= K2/ 2R ---- CD = K2/ 12740 km
Correction for curvature= 0.0785 K2 m
The effect of Refraction -- The Value is not
constant so correction taken as 1/7
curvature.
Combined Correction = 0.0785 L 2 - 1/7( 0.0785 K2
= 6/7 ( 0.0785 K2)
= 0.0673 K2 ..m ( Where K in km )

Reciprocal Levelling
Difference Level between A and B is
obtained by the procedure :
The Level set up at X, 5m from A, anh
both staffs are observed - Giving diff.
level
The level is next set up at Y, 5m from B,
again both staffs are observed Giving
second diff. level.

RECIPROCAL LEVELLING

Reciprocal Levelling
The errors of observation from each set-up are
approximately the same.
The True diff.level : (as example)

Observations from Station X :

On staff held at A
= 1.470
On staff held at B
= 3.562
Diff. level
= 2.092
Observations from Station Y :
On staff held at A
= 0.516
On staff held at B
= 2.620
Diff.level
= 2.104

Reciprocal Levelling
The True Difference in level =
2.092 + 2.104
-------------------- = 2.098 m
2

Stake - out

Stake - Out

Stake Out