RURAL SANITATION

& HYGIENE

SUBMITTED BY:SACHIN YADAV

15001512013
MURP 3RD SEM

INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION:Sanitationisthehygienicmeansofpromoting
healththroughpreventionofhumancontact
withthehazardsofwastesaswellasthe
treatmentandproperdisposalOfSewage&
wastewater.
Hazardscanbeeitherphysical,microbiological,
biologicalorchemicalagentsofdisease.

INTRODUCTION
IndividualHealthandhygieneis
largelydependentonadequate
availabilityofdrinkingwaterand
propersanitation.Thereis,
therefore,adirectrelationship
betweenwater,sanitationandhealth.
Improperdisposalofhumanexcreta,improperenvironmental
sanitationandlackofpersonalandfoodhygienehavebeenmajorcausesof
manydiseasesindevelopingcountriesLikeINDIA.
PrevailingHighInfantMortalityRateisalsolargelyattributedtopoor
sanitation.ItwasinthiscontextthattheCentralRuralSanitationProgramme
(CRSP)waslaunchedin1986primarilywiththeobjectiveofimprovingthe
qualityoflifeoftheruralpeopleandalsotoprovideprivacyanddignityto
women.

CONCEPT OF SANITATION
Theconceptofsanitationwasearlierlimitedtodisposalof
humanexcretabycesspools,openditches,pitlatrines,bucket
systemetc.
Todayitconnotesacomprehensiveconcept,whichincludes
liquidandsolidwastedisposal,foodhygiene,andpersonal,
domesticaswellasenvironmentalhygiene.
Propersanitationisimportantnotonlyfromthegeneralhealth
pointofviewbutithasavitalroletoplayinourindividualand
sociallifetoo.
Sanitationisoneofthebasicdeterminantsofqualityoflifeand
humandevelopmentindex.
Theconceptofsanitationwasexpandedtoincludepersonal
hygiene,homesanitation,safewater,garbagedisposal,excreta
disposalandwastewaterdisposaletc.

WHY SANITATION & HYGIENE?

HEALTHHAZARDS
25lakhsdiarrhoea
deathsglobally&6
lakhsinIndiaalone.
1700deathsinIndia
perday.
60,000roundworm,
65,000hookworm
deaths.

IMPACTS
Sanitation and Health: Opendefecationplaysaprimaryroleinpollutingwater
sources(bothunderandoverground)exposingcommunitiesdependentonthese
sourcestoseveralhealthhazards.Itisalsoresponsibleforspreadofairandvectors
bornedisease.
Sanitation and Women: Practiceofopendefecationexposeswomentorisksof
sexualassault.Womenoftenwaitfordarknesstodescendbeforeventuringoutto
relievethemselves.Holdinginforlongperiodscausesdiseasesandadversely
impactshealth.
Sanitation and Education: Girlsarereluctanttoattendschool,andparentsare
disinclinedtosendthem,iftherearenosafe,privatetoiletsforthem.Manygirlsare
forcedtomissclassduringtheirmenstrualcycle.
Sanitation and Productivity: Theeconomicdeprivationoftheurbanpoorincreases
manifoldwhenhealthcareexpensesandthecostoflostpotentialduetosickness
arisingfrominadequatesanitationisadded.

Rural Sanitation: India incurs a loss of more than

600,000 lives annually due to inadequate sanitation
70% of Indian population
residesinruralareas.67%
of rural households
defecateintheopen.
Morethan1600children
undertheageof5die
dailyduetodiarrheaand
othersanitationrelated
preventablediseases.

Contaminationbyhuman
excrementputsatrisk
bothtoiletusersaswellas
nontoiletusers.
Womenand
adolescent
girlsexposed
torisksof
assault

RuralIndiabeingthemain
producersoffood,about
100,000tonsofexcrement
headstomarketseveryday
onfruitsandvegetables.

Each gram of feces in an open field contains 10 million

viruses, 1 million bacteria and 1,000 parasite cysts.

VISION OF GOVT. OF INDIA

ALL INDIAN CITIES BECAME
TOTALLY SANITISED,
HEALTHY & LIVEABLE AND
ENSURE GOOD PUBLIC
HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL
OUTCOMES FOR ALL THEIR
CITIZENS WITH A SPECIAL
FOCUS ON HYGENIC AND
AFFORDABLE SANITATION
FACILITIES FOR POOR.

EVOLUTION OF RURAL SANITATION

DURING FIVE YEAR PLANS
Water supply and sanitation were
added to the national agenda during
the countrys First Five Year Plan
(1951-56).
In 1954, when the first national
water supply programme was
launched as part of the governments
health plan, sanitation was
mentioned as a part of the section on
water supply.

Central Rural Sanitation Programme

It was only in the early eighties that the Government of
India (GoI) started fostering alliances with the United
Nations (UN) and other external support agencies to
focus on improving sanitation in the country.
1986- Central Rural Sanitation Programme to improve
the quality of life of the rural people and also to provide
privacy and dignity to women.
The programme provided 100 percent subsidy for
construction of sanitary latrines for Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes and landless labourers and subsidy as
per the prevailing rates in the States for the general
public.

Contd..
CentralRuralSanitationProgrammewasrevisedinMarch1991
incorporatingsomechangesinthesubsidypatternandalsoincluded
villagesanitationasonecomponent.
Acomprehensivebaselinesurveyonknowledge,attitudesand
practices(KAP)inruralwatersupplyandsanitationwasconducted
during1996-97,whichshowedthat55percentofthosewithprivate
latrineswereselfmotivated.
Only2percentoftherespondentsclaimedprovisionofsubsidyasthe
majormotivatingfactor,while54percentclaimedtohavegoneinfor
sanitarylatrinesduetoconvenienceandprivacy.
CRSPwasrelaunchedin1999whichfocusedondemanddriven
approachinphasedmannerwithaviewtocoverthewiderrangeof
Ruralpopulationbytheendof9thfiveyearplan.

CRSP

Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) was launched

by the Government of India in 1986. The objective of this
programme was to improve the quality of life of the rural
people and to provide privacy and dignity to women. This
was intended to supplement the efforts of the States. The
programme provided for 100 per cent subsidy for
construction of sanitary latrines for Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes and landless labourers and subsidy as per
the rate prevailing in the States for the general public.
The guidelines of the programme were circulated to the
States in 198620. Two decades later, it was seen that only
the Government of India had taken up rural sanitation with
a strategic approach.
The programme also provided for construction of village
sanitary complexes with bathing facilities hand pumps,
latrines and drainage facilities. For washing platforms etc,

Total Sanitation Compaign

1999 Total Sanitation Campaign, demand
driven including large IEC component.
It is a programme to ensure sanitation
facilities in Rural areas to eradicate open
defecation.
The major goal of Total Sanitation Compaign
was to stop open defecation by 2012.
It follows principle of No To Low Subsidy
where nominal subsidy was given in the
form of incentives for construction of toilet.

TSC
TheProgrammeisbeingimplementedwithfocusoncommunity-led
andpeoplecentredinitiatives.Childrenplayaneffectiverolein
absorbingandpopularizingnewideasandconcepts.
ThisProgramme,therefore,intendstotaptheirpotentialasthemost
persuasiveadvocatesofgoodsanitationpracticesintheirown
householdsandinschools.
Theaimisalsotoprovideseparateurinals/toiletsforboysandgirls
inalltheschoolsandAanganwadisinruralareasinthecountry.
TheDepartmentofDrinkingWaterSupplyandSanitation,underthe
MinistryOfRuralDevelopment,hasbeenmakingconsistentefforts
underTSCtoarrestanderadicatethepracticeofopendefecation.
TheProgrammeencouragescosteffectivesanitationfacilities.
IndividualhouseholdsLatrinecoveragehasnearlytripledfrom
22%in2001to68%in2011.

 Till 2000, Governments are allocating budgets

for constructing toilets with subsidy. After
lapse of many years, there was no much
progress even after spending the allocated
funds.
It was felt that Providing subsidy to a person
to construct a toilet is not the only solution for
achieving sanitation targets.
After a few findings and feedback from the
grassroots, it is seen that constructing a toilet
physically is not the way out.
Many development organisations intervened
to make the government think about the
awareness generation among the rural
masses on sanitation and hygiene.

Nirmal Gram Puruskar

2003 Nirmal Gram Puruskar, reward for 100% sanitation.
In October 2003, elected local representatives of Gram
Panchayats were involved to promote collective
community action through sanitation. Nirmal Gram
Puraskar (NGP) was instituted for this purpose.
NGP awards were given to districts, blocks, and Gram
Panchayats that have achieved 100 per cent sanitation
coverage of individual households, 100 per cent school
sanitation coverage and free from open defecation and
clean environment.
On 24 February, 2005, former President of India, Dr. APJ
Abdul Kalam gave away NGP awards 40 Gram Panchayats
from six States for open defecation free status.

Contd..
Cent percent sanitation includes
eradicating the menace of open
defection, provision of sanitation
facilities in household and
educational institutions and
general cleanliness in the
village.
In this, an amount ranging from
50,000 to 5,00,000 is given to
PRI as according to the
population for creating
sanitation infrastructure and
maintenance.

Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan

2012 Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, community led and people
centred approach; IEC; solid and liquid waste management.
This programme emphasized on a new approach of
awareness by linking it with the current sponsored
schemes of GoI.
Total Sanitation Campaign closed in 2012 after striving for
13years in achieving universal rural sanitation coverage.
NBA programme has been initiated with a clear cut
strategy to make grassroots institutions as focal points and
integrate planning and implementation of sanitation.
To create awareness, Brand Ambassadors are identified to
undertake nation wide campaigns on water, sanitation and
hygiene issues.

Vision of NBA
1. Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the
rural areas.
2. Accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas to achieve the
vision of Nirmal Bharat by 2022 with all gram Panchayats in the
country attaining Nirmal status.
3. Motivate communities and Panchayati Raj Institutions promoting
sustainable sanitation facilities through awareness creation and
health education.
4. To cover the remaining schools not covered under Sarva Shiksha
Abhiyan (SSA) and Anganwadi Centres in the rural areas with
proper sanitation facilities and undertake proactive promotion of
hygiene education and sanitary habits among students.
5. Develop community managed environmental sanitation systems
focusing on solid & liquid waste management for overall
cleanliness in the rural areas.

Swachh Bharat Mission

Swachh Bharat Abhiyanabbreviated asSBAorSBM,
is a national campaign by theGovernment of India,
covering 4,041 statutory cities and towns, to clean the
streets, roads and infrastructure of the country.
The campaign was officially launched on 2 October
2014 atRajghat,New Delhi, by Prime Minister Narendra
Modi.
It is India's biggest ever cleanliness drive and 3million
government employees and school and college
students ofIndiaparticipated in this event.
SBM aims to eradicate open defecation by 2019,thus
restructuring theNirmal Bharat Abhiyan.

 The government is aiming to achieve anOpenDefecationFree (ODF) India by 2 October 2019, the
150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, by
constructing 12 crorestoiletsin rural India, at a
projected cost of1.96 lakh crore.
The programme has also received funding and
technical support from theWorld Bank, corporations as
part of corporate social responsibility initiatives, and by
state governments under theSarva Shiksha
AbhiyanandRashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan
schemes.
An amount of90 billion was allocated for the mission
in2016 Union budget of India.
Government and the World Bank signed aUS$1.5
billionloan agreement on 30 March 2016 for
theSwachh BharatMission to support India's universal
sanitation initiative.
"Swachch Bharat Swachch Vidhalaya" campaign
was launched bySmriti Irani, Minister of Human

Type of latrine facilities in Rural

India
2001

2011

Type of latrine facilities, 2001 Type of latrine facilities, 2001

water closet
other latrine

pit latrine
no latrine

water closet
other latrine

7% 10%

7% 10%

5%
78%

pit latrine
no latrine

5%
78%