§.1 INTRODUCTION Antenna analysis determines the radiation pattern for a given input distribution. Antenna synthesis is the inverse process. In antenna array synthesis, input or source distribution is determined for a specified radiation pattern. Array synthesis may be done by the following methods: 1. Source amplitude distribution control method. 2. Source phase distribution control method, 3, Element space control method. 4. Any combination of the above,5.2 SYNTHESIS METHODS The following array synthesis techniques are presented in this book: 1, Schelknoif polynomial method, 2. Fourier transform method, 3, Woodward-Lawson method. 4, Dolph-Tchebyscheffor Chebyshev method. 5. Taylor's method. 6, Laplace transform method. 7, Some standard amplitude distributions,5.8 DOLPH-CHEBYCHEV METHOD (TSCHEBYSCHEFF DISTRIBUTION) This method is basically a compromise between uniform and binomial arrays. It provides a means of determination of suitable polynomials which give the excitation coefficients to obtain satisfactory patterns. Infact the Dolph schebyschetmethod vieldsa radiation pate containing one main beam and side Les with the same Level, This is done by finding the spacing of nul, Tschebyscheff polynomial is defined as 7, (x) xcos(meos 'x)-1l1 (aN aDerivation of different polynomials That is, Tm (x) = cos (mtd), A=coa”! x Ta (x) =cos (0)=1 Ty (x) =cos (A)=x Rewriting Equation (5.25) as A527) 5.28) Tz (x) = cos (2A) = 2 cos? A~1 e2r-1 5.29) T(x) = cos (3A) = deos? A - 3 cos. A = 4x" - 3x (5.30) Ty (x) = cos (4A) = 2 cos? 24-1 =2(2eos* A- 1-1 =2[4cos' A-4dcos’A+1]-1 Ty(x)=8cos' A-8 cos" A+2-1 Ty (x) = 8x4 ~ 8x7 41 of5.31)Similarly T(x), T;, (x) can be found. The polynomial can be generalised using the recursion formula. That is, Ty BVA 2ETy G)— Ty 1) here man41 If m= 4, n becomes 3 vef5.32) Ty (x) = 2 Ty )- T(x) Dy (4x*—3yy-2r741 Br! — Gx? — 2x7 41 So Ty (x)= 8x8 8x7 +1 If mt =5,n becomes 4 Ts (x) = 2¥ Ty (4) - T3 (x) = 2x (8x4 Br? + 1) 4x3 4 x = 16x9 — 16x) 4 2x - de *4 3x So Ts (x) = 16x = 2027 + 5x A533)If m= 6,1 becomes 5 Tg (x) = 2x Ts (x) ~ Ty (x) = 2y (6x5 - 2017 + 5x) = (Br! = 8x7 + 1) or To (x) = 320° = 480 4 1827-1 A534) The polynomials corresponding to m=0 to 6 are grouped below for convenient reference, To (X= 1 Ti (sx T (x)= 2x7 -1 Ty (x)= 4x9 = 3x (5.35) Ty (x) = 8x" — Bx? 41 Ts (x)= 16x? - 20x? + 5. Tp (x)= 32x° — 48x" + 18x? — 1The general characteristics of the polynomial T,,, (x) as a function of xis shown in Fig. 57. Ta (x) modaProperties of the polynomials 1. Ty (4) increases continuously beyond |x| = 1. 2. The polynomials T,, (x) crosses the axis m times between - 1 and +1. 3. The polynomials oscillate between - 1 and +1. 4. If x varies from point A to a point xp and back, then T,, (x) traces a pattern containing a main lobe, many side lobes or minor lobes.5. The minor lobes have equal amplitude. 1 6, The minor lobes are below the main beam level by a value equal | 3 } This ratio is called as side lobe ratio. 1 7. The side lobe ato ; } depends on the choice of xp. 8. The side lobes exist in |x| < 1. 9, The main lobe exists for |x| > 1. 10. The roots determine the nulls if cos (mA) = 0. 11. The nulls exists if cos (vA) =0 That is, Tyy (8) = cos (M.A) = 0 (2i-1)% “ta fet, 2, 25m: This is possible if AV=5.9 DETERMINATION OF DOLPH-CHEBYCHEV AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION Procedure 1, Let a be the acceptable side lobe ratio. _ main lobe maximum or level Thais, side lobe maximum or level Then calculate SLL in dB. Thatis, SLL indB=20 logig (a. (5.36) 2. Tschebyscheff Polynomial T,, (x) having the same degree as the array polynomial is chosen. If nis the number of elements in the array, the degree of array polynomial is (4-1) and the degree of the polynomial is m, then Try (8p) = Ty Xo) (5.37) Here, men, 3, Equate T,, (%p) and a. That is Ty (9) = Ty-1 (X9) = 2 (5.38)4. Determine xp from xo=y (lat Var 1)" + fa Va? 1) 5.39) 5. Find Ep. As @>1, Xo is greater than 1. But x lies in the range of —1$.x $1. This is a peculiar situation which is overcome by using a change of scale. That is,x % As the definition, T,, (x) = cos (m cos”! x) is satisfied, we get, z= 008d = 005% wi(5.40) As zlies in-1$2 $1, the pattern polynomial for even elements becomes N-1 (m+) Eas Dy Aycoe ot mal) v jy 5y = Ag C08 9 +A cOS“5- + Ap COB St = Aga +A; [az = 32] + Ap [162° ~ 202" + 52] +. (5A)and the pattern polynomial for odd elements becomes N Ep= ¥ Am cos (2mw/2) neO = Ag +A; c0s2¥ +A, cos 4% +. = Ag+ Ay [227 = 1] + Aa [824 = Bx? + 1] + Ay [322° - 482" + 1827-1] +... (5.42) 6, Calculate the coefficients, Ag, Ay, Az etc. by equating array polynomial and Tschebyscheff polynomial. That is, Ep=Ty-1 (3). (5.43) 7. These give the required excitation coefficients or amplitude distribution for the specified side lobe ratio of a.5.10 ADVANTAGES OF DOLPH-TSCHEBYSCHEFF METHOD + [tprovides a minimum beam width fora specified side lobe level + Itpnovides pattern which contains side lobes of equa lve + Theampltie ditrbutionis not highly tapered and enceitismone practical