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Development
Stages of Prenatal
Development
Conception
Germinal
Embryonic
Fetal
Conception
Conception occurs when a sperm cell
penetrates and fertilizes an egg cell
Successful conception depends on
ovaries releasing one healthy egg cell
egg cell migrates most of the way down
the fallopian tube
One sperm must penetrate the ovum to
form a zygote
Infertility
About 15 percent of couples are
unable to conceive or carry a
pregnancy to term after one year of
unprotected intercourse.
Causes of male infertility involve the
quantity or strength of sperm
produced.
Infertility (2)
Causes of female
infertility involve
structural
abnormalities in the
Fallopian tubes or
uterus or a failure to
ovulate and release
mature eggs.
New technologies are
now available to help
overcome infertility
Fetus at 12 weeks
Fetus at 18 weeks
The experience of
pregnancy
1. Physical complaints such as
nausea are common.
2. Normal weight gain is about thirty
pounds and is dispersed in organs,
baby, and bodily fluid.
3. Changes in the woman's body
bring mixed feelings.
Stages of labor
1.
During the last weeks of
pregnancy, it is common for the
mother to experience false labor,
or Braxton-Hicks contractions.
2.
The first stage of labor
usually begins with relatively mild
contractions, leading to stronger
contractions and the dilation of the
cervix to accommodate the baby's
head (10 centimeters).
Stages of labor
3. Toward the end of the first stage,
which may take from eight to twentyfour hours, a period of transition
begins, and the baby's head begins to
move through the birth canal.
4. The second stage of labor is from
complete dilation of the cervix to birth, lasting
about one to one and one-half hours.
5. During the third stage of labor, which lasts
only a few minutes, the afterbirth (consisting
of the placenta and umbilical cord) is expelled
1.
Hospital births. Birthing rooms are
becoming more popular in hospitals.
2.
Non-hospital settings
a.
Freestanding birth centers are
non-hospital facilities that provide family
centered maternity care.
b.
Birth centers have lower rates of
Caesarean sections.
c.
Home births are another alternative
for pregnancies predetermined to be low
risk.
3.
Prepared childbirth. Methods of
prepared childbirth help parents rehearse
the sensations of labor.
Pain in childbirth
5.
Pre-term Babies
Formerly called
premature
More than three weeks
before due date
At risk for respiratory
distress syndrome
(RDS)
Extended oxygen
use=Retinopathy of
Prematurity
Negative Prenatal
Influences on the Child
Window of
opportunity
concept--critical time
of vulnerability
Teratogen is any
substance or
influence that can
interfere with or
damage a childs
growth
Teratogenic Medicinal
drugs
Thalidomide is a sedative, also an antinausea drug--but deforms children.
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) was used to
prevent miscarriages but causes damage
to reproductive systems of offspring.
Other potentially harmful prescribed
drugs are accutane, streptomycin, and
tetra-cycline.
Teratogenic non-medicinal
drugs (1 of 3)
Marijuana
Active ingredient is
tetrahydraconabaninol or THC
Is stored in fatty
tissues of body
Placenta is no barrier
Babies are born with
psych. if not physical
addiction
Heroin
An opiate not totally
unlike morphine, but
more addictive
Severe withdrawal
symptoms
Newborn babies of
heroin addicts vomit,
tremble, cry, and have
fever, disturbed sleep,
and abnormal cries
Tobacco
Nicotine and carbon
monoxide interfere
with fetal oxygen
supply
Smoking is associated
with low birth weight,
spontaneous abortion,
higher infant
mortality, and poor
postnatal adjustment
Maternal Diseases (1 of 2)
Rubella, or German measles. Disastrous
in first trimester.
Syphilis and gonorrhea. Blindness,
jaundice, anemia, pneumonia, skin rash,
early death. Silver nitrate in the eyes.
Genital herpes. (1) Disease of skin and
mucous membranes, or (2) blindness,
permanent brain damage, seizures, and
developmental delay.
Maternal diseases (2 of 2)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV). High risk for
infants; jaundice, microcephaly,
deafness, and eye problems.
Toxoplasmosis. Parasite from uncooked
meat and cat feces. Low birth weight,
enlarged liver and spleen, microcephaly,
anemia, and calcifications in the brain.
Pediatric AIDS.
Home Factors
Teenage Pregnancy
Babies having
babies--own growth is
not complete
Pelvic cradle not ready
Threat to education
Responsibility not yet
learned
Maternal malnutrition
Domestic Violence
Seven to Eight
percent of
pregnant women
are beaten by
partners; most
more than once
High rate of
miscarriage