WELCOME TO THE

PRESENTATI ON ON
BIOLOGY

INDEX

1. Different
steps involved
in nutrition
2. What is
digestion ?
3. Different

Different steps involved in

nutrition
NGESTION
Ingestion is the process by which food is taken into the alimentary canal.
It includes the processes that take place while the food is in the mouth (mouth = "buccal
cavity"), such as chewing and grinding using the teeth, the lubrication and chemical effects of
saliva released from the salivary glands, and swallowing of the food - which sends it onwards
down the digestive tract.

DIGESTION
Digestion is the process by which ingested (food) material is broken
down in the earlier stages of the alimentary canal into a form that can
then be absorbed and assimilated into the tissues of the body.
Digestion includes two types of processes Mechanical (e.g. chewing, grinding, churning, mixing), and
Chemical (e.g. action of digestive enzymes, bile, acids, etc.).

Absorption
Absorption is the uptake of fluids or other
substances by the tissues of the body.

Assimilation

Assimilation is the process by which

components/chemicals from food (incl. liquid
refreshments such as milk drinks, fruit juices etc.)
are taken into the cells of the body - after the
food/beverage has been digested and absorbed.

ELIMINATION

Elimination is the final stage of this 5-stage summary of

digestion.
In physiology more generally the term "elimination" can
apply to the entire process of excretion of metabolic
waste products, incl. from the blood via the kidneys and
urinary tract

What does the term

digestion refers to : Digestion is a catabolic process i.e.
the larger molecules of food breaks
down to smaller molecules .
It involves several glands .
The process of digestion starts in
mouth and ends in small intestine.
It involves several processes/steps
which are listed below.

Different parts of
alimentary canal
Alimentary canal of a human being is
a long 9 meters tube of varying
diameter . It has following different
parts: 1.Mouth
2.pharynx
3.
oesophagus 4.Stomach
5.
Smallintestine
6.Large intestine

DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM

MOUTH

In humans, digestion begins in the

Mouth, otherwise known as the "Buccal
Cavity", where food is chewed. Saliva is
secreted in large amounts by three pairs
of exocrine salivary glands (parotid,
submandibular, and sublingual) in the
oral cavity, and is mixed with the chewed
food by the tongue. Saliva cleans the oral
cavity, moistens the food, and contains
digestive enzymes such as salivary
amylase, which aids in the chemical
breakdown of polysaccharides such as
starch into disaccharides such as maltose.
It also contains mucus, a glycoprotein
that helps soften the food and form it into
a bolus. An additional enzyme, lingual
lipase, hydrolyzes long-chain triglycerides
into partial glycerides and free fatty
acids.

Pharynx
The pharynx is the part of the neck and throat situated behind the
mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the
esophagus. It is part of the digestive system and respiratory
system. Because both food and air pass through the pharynx, a
flap of connective tissue, the epiglottis closes over the trachea
when food is swallowed to prevent choking or asphyxiation.

Esophag
us

The esophagus is a narrow muscular tube about 20-30

centimeters long, which starts at the pharynx at the back of the
mouth, passes through the thoracic diaphragm, and ends at the
cardiac orifice of the stomach. The wall of the esophagus is
made up of two layers of smooth muscles, which form a
continuous layer from the esophagus to the colon and contract
slowly, over long periods of time

Stomach
The stomach is a small, 'J'-shaped pouch with
walls made of thick, distensible muscles, which
stores and helps break down food. Food reduced
to very small particles is more likely to be fully
digested in the small intestine, and stomach
churning has the effect of assisting the physical
disassembly begun in the mouth. Food enters the
stomach through the cardiac orifice where it is
further broken apart and thoroughly mixed with
gastric acid, pepsin and other digestive enzymes
to break down proteins. The enzymes in the
stomach also have an optimum conditions,
meaning that they work at a specific pH and
temperature better than any others. The acid
itself does not break down food molecules, rather
it provides an optimum pH for the reaction of the
enzyme pepsin and kills many microorganisms
that are ingested with the food. After the process
of digestion in stomach food passes to the
intestine.

SMALL
INTESTINE

It has three parts: the Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum.

After being processed in the stomach, food is passed to the small intestine
via the pyloric sphincter. The majority of digestion and absorption occurs
here after the milky chyme enters the duodenum. Here it is further mixed
with three different liquids:
Bile, which emulsifies fats to allow absorption, neutralizes the chyme and
is used to excrete waste products such as bilin and bile acids. Bile is
produced by the liver and then stored in the gallbladder where it will be
released
to the
small
intestine
Pancreatic
juice
made
by the via the bile duct. The bile in the gallbladder
ispancreas,
much more
concentrated.
which
secretes enzymes
such as pancreatic amylase,
pancreatic lipase, and trypsinogen
(inactive form of protease).
Intestinal juice secreted by the
intestinal glands in the small intestine.
It contains enzymes such as
enteropeptidase, erepsin, trypsin,
chymotrypsin, maltase, lactase and
sucrase (all three of which process

Large intestine
After the food has been passed through the small
intestine, the food enters the large intestine. Within
it, digestion is retained long enough to allow
fermentation due to the action of gut bacteria, which
breaks down some of the substances that remain
after processing in the small intestine; some of the
breakdown products are absorbed.

THANKYOU
SUBMITTE
D
BY
GUIDED
NANDITA
BY
AGRAWAL
SHAILEN