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Week 11
Data Communication
www.del.ac.id
History of Wireless
Communications (1)
1896: Marconi
First demonstration of wireless telegraphy
Tx of radio waves to a ship at sea 29 km away
Long wave transmission, high power requirement (> 200 kW)
1901: Marconi
Telegraph across the Atlantic ocean
Close to 3000Km hop!
1907: Commercial transatlantic connections
Huge ground stations (30 by 100m antennas)
1915: wireless telephony established
NY San Fransisco
Virginia and Paris
1920: Marconi
Discovery of short waves (lambda < 100m)
Reflection at the ionosphere
(cheaper) smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the
vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Rover von Lieben)
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Data Communication
History of Wireless
Communications (2)
Data Communication
Italian history:
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Basic bands:
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Cellular telephony
Satellite
Metropolitan-area data networks
Local-area networks
Ubiquitous computing environments
Infostations (mobile hosts traveling through fixed
network)
Ad hoc networks (mobile nodes dynamically forming
a temporary network without the use of any existing
network infrastructure).
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Data Communication
Wireless Challenges
Path
Reflected
Flash
signals
crowds
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Representation of Cells
Ideal cells
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Fictitious cells
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12
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Cell Structure
Data Communication
14
Re-Use Distance
The K factor or the cluster size
Cellular coverage or Signal to interference
ratio
Sectoring
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K = 22 + 2*1 + 12
K=4+2+1
K=7
7
6
2
i
4
D =
Frequency re-use distance is based on the cluster size K
3K * R
D = 4.58R
The cluster size is specified in terms of the offset of the center of a cluster
from the center of the adjacent cluster
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K=4
D =
3K * R
D = 3.46R
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R
i
Data Communication
17
2
1
5
7
6
3
4
1
5
7
6
2
1
7
6
2
1
7
6
3
4
3
4
2
1
3
4
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2
3
1
4
1
4
3
2
1
4
2
3
2
3
2
3
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19
9
10
2
7
1
6
4
5
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5
10
2
7
12
12
4
11
3
11
10
7
12
10
11
1
9
1
6
11
3
12
4
5
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Data Communication
21
Cell sectoring
Directional antennas subdivide cell into 3 or 6 sectors
Might also increase cell capacity by factor of 3 or 6
Microcells
Move antennas from tops of hills and large buildings to
tops of small buildings and sides of large buildings
Even lamp posts
Form microcells
Reduced power
Good for city streets, along roads and inside large
buildings
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22
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Rural
Highway
Suburb
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Town
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Frequency Reuse
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One Cell
=
288 traffic channels
246 Cell
=
5904 traffic channels
8 X 36 = 288
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72 Cell
=
1728 traffic channels
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Interference
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Signal strength
Fading
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GSM History
Several first generation analog cellular systems
in Europe but incompatible - limited roaming
1987-1989 ETSI standards for pan-European
Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM, originally Group Special Mobile) at 900
MHz
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30
GSM Objectives
Broad
Data Communication
31
200 kHz
Multiple access
TDMA
Users/carrier
13 kb/s
22.8 kb/s
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90%
90 ms
150 ms if intercell
2 sec
4 sec
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GSM Public
land mobile
network
(PLMN)
MSC
A
Abis
BSC
BTS
BSS
BTS
Um
MT
TE
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HLR
MS
MS
BSS
OMC
AUC
EIR
NMC
ADC
OSS
OSS: operation subsystem
BSS: base station subsystem
MS: mobile station
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GSM Network
MSC role: telephone switching central with special mobility management capabilities.
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Hierarchy:
MSC region n x Location Areas m x BSC k x BTS
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GSM
Sub-systems
Two components
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41
Mobile Equipment
The cellular telephone itself (or the vehicular telephone)
Address/identifier: IMEI (International Mobile Equipment
Identity)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Fixed installed chip (plug-in SIM) or exchangeable card
(SIM card)
Addresses/identifiers:
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42
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Normally used,
for 900 MHz
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IMEI Management
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SIM Card
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MSISDN
(Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number)
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32 bits
assigned by VLR within an administrative area
has significance only in this area
transmitted on the radio interface instead of IMSI
reduces problem of eavesdropping
An MSISDN number
CC, NDC of the visited network
SN assigned by VLR
Used to route calls to a roaming MS
Subscriber Number (SN) assigned to provide routing
information towards actually responsible MSC
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Cell Id = LAI + CI
CI = Cell id, unique id within the LAI.
Maximum 2*8 bits
Base Transceiver Station Identity Code
(BSIC) = NCC + BCC
BSIC is broadcast periodically by the base
station on the synchronization channel.
NCC = Network Color Code, 3 bits
BCC = Base Station Color Code, 3 bits
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Fixed Infrastructure:
Components and Interfaces
Components
MS Mobile Station
Um Radio Interface
Abis BTS-BSC
A BSS-MSC
B MSC-VLR
C MSC-VLR
D HLR-VLR
E MSC-MSC
F MSC-EIR
G VLR-VLR
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Fixed Infrastructure:
Base Station Sub-System
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57
In essence, BTS is
a complex modem!
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58
DB contains
From/to MSC
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FUNCTIONS:
switch calls from MSC to correct
BTS and conversely
Protocol and coding conversion
for traffic (voice) & signaling
(GSM-specific to ISDNspecific)
Manage MS mobility
Enforce power control
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59
Rationale:
re-use existing ISDN switches & protocols
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Why 16 kbps instead of 13? Inband signalling needed for BTS control of TRAU
(TRAU needs to receive synchro & decoding information from BTS)
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Elements:
Mobile Switching Center (MSC) / Gateway MSC (GMSC)
Home Location Register (HLR ) / Authentication Center (AuC)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
Functions:
Call control
User management
Inter-component communication
Via SS7 signalling network
With suitable extensions (e.g. MAP Mobile Application Part)
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HLR
Data Communication
64
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65
to HLR
Search
key: IMSI
Responsible of storing security-relevant
subscriber data
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Gateway
MSC GMSC
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VLR entries:
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IMSI, MSISDN
Parameters for additional services
info about user equipment (IMEI)
Authentication data
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Network Administration
configuration, operation, performance management,
statistics collection and analysis, network maintenance
Commercial operation & charging
Accounting & billing
Security Management
E.g. Equipment Identity Register (EIR) management
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MOBILE
K
N
I
L
N
W
z
O
H
D
M
60
9
935
K
z
N
I
H
L
M
P
5
U 91
0
89
BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION
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GSM Interfaces
Air Interface
Um
Abis
CM
CM
MM
MM
RRM
LAPD
RF
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RRM
RRM
LAPD LAPD
RF
RF
RRM
SCCP
SCCP
LAPD LAPD
LAPD
RF
Data Communication
RF
RF
72
: Physical Layer
LAPD: Link Layer, ISDN protocol based
SCCP: Signal Connection Control Layer, part
of link layer
RR: Radio Resource
MM: Mobility Management
CC: Call Control
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74
Frequency Multiplex
Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency bands
A channel gets a certain band of the
spectrum for the whole time
Advantages:
no dynamic coordination
necessary
works also for analog signals
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
c
f
Disadvantages:
waste of bandwidth
if the traffic is
distributed unevenly
inflexible
guard spaces t
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Time Multiplex
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k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
c
f
t
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GSM - TDMA/FDMA
fre
qu
en
c
935-960 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
downlink
890-915 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
uplink
8
4.615 ms
tail
3 bits
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user data
57 bits
user data
tail
1 26 bits 1
57 bits
S Training
Data Communication
guard
space
546.5 s
577 s
78
INK
L
WN
O
D
890MHz
915MHz 935MHz
124
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960MHz
124
79
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Frequency 1
Ch 1 Ch 2 Ch 3 Ch 4 Ch 5 Ch 6 Ch 7 Ch 8
Frequency 2
Ch 1 Ch 2 Ch 3 Ch 4 Ch 5 Ch 6 Ch 7 Ch 8
:
:
:
:
Frequency 124
Ch 1 Ch 2 Ch 3 Ch 4 Ch 5 Ch 6 Ch 7 Ch 8
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FULL RATE
Bm 22.8 Kb/S
CBCH
CCCH
DCCH
HALF RATE
Lm 11.4 Kb/S
BCH
FCCH
CCH
SCH
BCCH
PCH
RACH
AGCH
UPLINK ONLY
Data Communication
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
Abbreviations
TCH
CCH
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
PCH
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
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TRAFFIC CHANNEL
CONTROL CHANNEL
FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNEL
SYNCHRONISATION CHANNEL
BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL
PAGING CHANNEL
RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL
ACCESS GRANTED CHANNEL
STAND ALONE DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNEL
SLOW ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL
FAST ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL
Data Communication
83
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CCCH (common control channel): Consists of three subchannels, PCH, AGCH and RACH. This channels is used
for paging and access
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Data Communication
88
GSM Frame
SACCH is
transmitted in
frame 12
0 to 11 and 13 to 24
Are used for traffic data
0
3
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Full rate
channel is
idle in 25
57
12
26
24
Data Communication
Frame
duration
= 120ms
25
57
Frame
duration =
60/13ms
8.25
Frame
duration
=
15/26ms
89
GSM Frame
114
Data Communication
90
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91
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TCH conversation
continues
Data Communication
92
Communication
FACCH acknowledge connectData
message
and switch to TCH
93
Data Communication
94
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8 K sps
RPE/LTP
speech Encoder
RPE/LTP
speech Encoder
MS Side
LPF
A/D
8 K sps,
Sampling Rate - 8K
Encoding - 13 bit Encoding (104 Kbps)
RPE/LTP - Regular Pulse Excitation/Long Term Prediction
RPE/LTP converts the 104 Kbps stream to 13 Kbps
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Mobility
Call
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Roaming
When
The
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98
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contains
MSRN
TMSI
Location area where mobile station has
registered
Info for supplementary services (if any)
IMSI
HLR or global title
Local identity for mobile station (if any)
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security problems
unauthorized access
privacy from eavesdropping
protection of subscriber identity/location
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(fraudulent) access
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from eavesdropping
Temporary encryption key is used for
privacy of data, signaling, and voice
Info is encrypted before transmission
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of users
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104
IMSI/TMSI
+ LAI
Registration request
Subscriber data
Old VLR
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Calculates
response
by authentication
algorithm
Requests triplets
from home system,
chooses a triplet
Challenge
Challenge response
New TMSI
Compares to stored
response in triplet,
registration successful
if matches
Assigns new TMSI
Acknowledge
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Location update
HLR
Acknowledge
Registration
cancel
Old VLR
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Handoff / Handover
Hard handover / handoff:
When a call is in process the changes in location
require more processing
Within a BSS the BSC, which knows the current
radio link configuration, prepares an available
channel in the new BTS
The MS is told to switch over to the new BTS
Soft handover:
the MS is connected to two BTSes simultaneously
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Phases of Handoff
Handoff Decision/Initiation
Resource reservation
Execution
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Handoff: Types
There
MS controlled handoff
Network controlled handoff
Mobile assisted handoff (MAHO)
D-AMPS
Data Communication
111
BS
BS
PSTN
Target MSC #1
Serving MSC
BS
Target MSC #2
HANDMREQ
HANDMREQ
HANDMREQR
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BS
BS
PSTN
Serving MSC
Target MSC #1
FACDIR
FACDIRR
MSONCH
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113
BS
BS
PSTN
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Anchor MSC
Data Communication
114
7
BS
BS
Serving MSC
PSTN
Anchor MSC
HANDTHIRD
2
Target MSC
FACDIR
FACDIRR
5 HANDTHIRDR
9
FACREL
FACRELR
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MSONCH
10
Data Communication
115
BS
MSC
PSTN
Anchor MSC
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116
Handoff Challenge
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GSM Handoffs
3
types of handoffs
Intra-BSS: if old and new BTSs are
attached to same base station
MSC
is not involved
Intra-MSC:
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118
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Data Communication
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Data Communication
124
Disadvantages of GSM
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125
Reading Suggestion
Wireless
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