LECTURE 4

CP Ch 14

Damped Oscillations
Forced Oscillations and Resonance

SHM

x xmax cos t

v xmax sin t

a xmax 2 cos t

a 2 x

2
2 f
T
k
2

m

1 2 1 2
PE k x k xmax cos2 t
2
2
1
1
1 2
2
2
2
2
KE m v m xmax sin t k xmax sin 2 t
2
2
2
Etotal KE PE

1 2
1
2
k xmax m vmax
= constant
2
2

1
1
1 2
m v 2 k x 2 k xmax
2
2
2

2
v xmax
x2
CP 445

SHM

10
position x

0
-10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

10

20

30

40

50
time t

60

70

80

90

100

velocity v

5
0

acceleration a

-5
1
0
-1

CP445

b=0

0.12

energy K U E (J)

0.1
0.08
0.06

KE

PE

0.04
0.02
0
0

time t (s)

8
CP 455

Mathematical modelling for harmonic motion

Newtons Second Law can be applied to the oscillating system
F = restoring force + damping force + driving force
F(t) =

- k x(t)

b v(t)

Fd(t)

For a harmonic driving force at a single frequency

Fd(t) = Fmaxcos(t + ).
This differential equation can be solved to give x(t), v(t) and a(t).

CP 463

Damped oscillations
Oscillationsinrealsystemsdieaway
(theamplitudesteadilydecreases)over
timetheoscillationsaresaidtobe
damped
Forexample:
Theamplitudeofapendulumwill
decreaseovertimeduetoairresistance
Iftheoscillatingobjectwasinwater,
thegreaterresistancewouldmeanthe
oscillationsdampmuchquicker.

CP 463

Damped oscillations

CP 463

b=6

0.12

energy K U E (J)

0.1

0.08
0.06

PE

0.04
0.02 KE
0
0

time t (s)

8
CP 463

Forced oscillations
Driven Oscillations & Resonance
Ifwedisplaceamasssuspendedbyaspringfrom
equilibriumandletitgoitoscillatesatitsnatural
frequency

1
f
2

k
m

Ifaperiodicforceatanotherfrequencyisapplied,the
oscillationwillbeforcedtooccurattheappliedfrequency
forcedoscillations

CP 465

10

Resonance
Forcedoscillationsaresmallunlessthedrivingfrequency
isclosetothenaturalfrequency
Whenthedrivingfrequencyisequaltothenatural
frequencytheoscillationscanbelargethisiscalled
resonance
Awayfromresonance,energytransfertotheoscillationsis
inefficient.Atresonancethereisefficienttransferwhich
cancausetheoscillatingsystemtofailseewineglass
experiment.
Famousexampleofresonance:soldiersmarchingon
bridge
CP 465

11

Resonance phenomena occur widely in natural and in technological

applications:
Emission & absorption of light
Lasers
Tuning of radio and television sets
Mobile phones
Microwave communications
Machine, building and bridge design
Musical instruments
Medicine
nuclear magnetic resonance
magnetic resonance imaging
x-rays
hearing
Nuclear magnetic resonance scan

CP 465

12

Response Curve
0.4

amplitude A (m)

0.35

b=2

0.3

0.25
0.2

0.15

b=8

0.1

0.05
0

b = 10
0

0.5

1.5

f
/
d / fO
d

2.5

3
CP 465

Sinusoidal driving force fd / fo = 0.1

Sinusoidal driving force fd / fo = 1

b=2

1
0.5
0

-0.5
-1
0

b=2

position x (m)

position x (m)

13

0.5
0

-0.5

20

40
60
time t (s)

80

100

-1
0

20

40
60
time t (s)

80

100

CP 465

14

Impulsive force constant force

applied for a short time interval.

Sinusoidal driving force fd / fo = 2

b=2

0.5
0

-0.5
-1
0

b=2

position x (m)

position x (m)

0.5
0

-0.5

20

40
60
time t (s)

80

100

-1
0

20

40
60
time t (s)

80

100

CP 465

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An optical technique called interferometry reveals the oscillations of a wine glass

Great Links to visit

http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/feschools/waves/wine3video.htm
http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/feschools/waves/shm3.htm

Resonance and Hearing

16

Cochlea
staples

Basilar
membrane

Eardrum

Auditory canal

vibrations of small bones

of the middle ear

vibration of eardrum
due to sound waves

1
fo
2

k
m

Inner air basilar

membrane as the
distance increases from the
staples, membrane
becomes wider and less
stiff resonance frequency
of sensitive hair cells on
membrane decreases

staples
3000 Hz

30 Hz
CP467

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Self excited oscillations

Sometimesapparentlysteadyforcescancauselarge
oscillationsatthenaturalfrequency
Examples
singingwineglasses
(stickslipfriction)
TacomaNarrowsbridge
(windeddies)

CP 466

18

CP 466

19

What is a good strategy for answering

examination questions ???

Read and answer the question

Type of problem

20

Identify the physics what model can be used?

Use exam formula sheet
3

Answer in point form

Break the question into small parts, do step by step
showing all working and calculations (if cant get a number in early
part of a question, use a dummy number.
Explicit physics principles (justification, explanation)
Annotated diagrams (collect and information & data implicit +
explicit
Equations

Identify Setup Execute Evaluate

Problem 4.1
Why do some tall building collapse during an earthquake ?

21

22

ISEE

Vibration motion can be resolved into

vertical and horizontal motions

23

Vertical motion

natural frequency of vibration

1
fo
2

k
m

driving frequency fd
0.4

amplitude A (m)

0.35

b=2

0.3

0.25

Resonance

fd fo

0.2

0.15

b=8

0.1

0.05
0

b = 10

large amplitude oscillations building collapses

0

0.5

1.5

/
d
o

2.5

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Horizontal Motion

Resonance

Standing Waves
setup in building

antinodes
nodes
2nd floor

Driver frequency fd

2nd floor disappeared driving

frequency matches natural
frequency (3rd harmonic)

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Problem 4.2
Consider a tractor driving across a field that has undulations at
regular intervals. The distance between the bumps is about 4.2
m. Because of safety reasons, the tractor does not have a
suspension system but the drivers seat is attached to a spring to
absorb some of the shock as the tractor moves over rough
ground. Assume the spring constant to be 2.0104 N.m-1 and
the mass of the seat to be 50 kg and the mass of the driver, 70
kg. The tractor is driven at 30 km.h-1 over the undulations.
Will an accident occur?

Solution 4.2

26

ISEE

m = (50 + 70) kg = 120 kg

k = 2x104 N.m-1
v = 30

km.h-1

x = 4.2 m

Tractor speed

v = x / t = 30 km.h-1 = (30)(1000) / (3600) m.s-1 = 8.3 m.s-1

The time interval between hitting the bumps (x = 4.2 m)

t = x / v = (4.2 / 8.3) s = 0.51 s
Therefore, the frequency at which the tractor hits the bumps and energy is
supplied to the oscillating system of spring-seat-person
f = 1 / t = 1 / 0.51 = 2.0 Hz.
The natural frequency of vibration of the spring-seat-person is

1
f
2

k
1

m 2

2 104
2.1 Hz
120

This is an example of forced harmonic motion. Since the driving frequency (due
to hitting the bumps) is very close to the natural frequency of the spring-seatperson the result will be large amplitude oscillations of the person and which
may lead to an unfortunate accident. If the speed of the tractor is reduced, the
driving frequency will not match the natural frequency and the amplitude of the
vibration will be much reduced.

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