ME 440

Intermediate Vibrations
Tu, March 3, 2009
Single DOF Harmonic Excitation

Dan Negrut, 2009

ME440, UW-Madison

Before we get started

Last Time:

Discussed Design Problem

Covered Response of Damped System Under Rotating
Unbalance

Today:

HW Assigned (due March 10): 3.35, 3.36

For 3.36, is provided in the picture

Material Covered:

Examples
Beating phenomena
Support excitation

Example [AO1]

Example [AO1] (Cntd)

Lateral stiffness, one leg

From Mechanics of Materials:

: Maximum deflection

Bending Moment caused by

Bending Stress caused by

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New Topic:

Beating Phenomenon

For undamped system, if forcing frequency is close to, but not

exactly equal to, the natural frequency of the system, a
phenomenon known as beating may occur.

Vibration amplitude builds up and then diminishes in a regular pattern.

Go back to the undamped forced vibration:

Solution expressed in one of the following two equivalent forms:

Beating Phenomenon

(Cntd)

Assume zero initial conditions:

Response becomes:

Use next the following trigonometric identity (sum to product rule):

The response of the system can then be written as

Beating Phenomenon

(Cntd)

Assume forcing frequency slightly smaller than natural frequency:

Assume is small positive quantity, multiplied by 2 for convenience only

The following then hold

Then the time evolution of system can be equivalently expressed as

Beating Phenomenon

No force excitation
case:

Time evolution of mass m:

Force excitation at frequency

(close to n):

(Cntd)

Time evolution of mass m:

Beating Phenomenon Comments

The way to interpret the quantity in square parentheses above:

A very small varying amplitude for a vibration that otherwise is

characterized by a frequency (the frequency of the excitation force)

Since is small, the function sin(t) varies slowly

Period equal to 2/, which is large

Nomenclature:

Period of Beating:

Frequency of Beating:

New Topic:

Support Excitation

Framework of the problem at hand:

You have a machine positioned somewhere on the floor

The floor vibrates (assumed up and down motion only)
How is the machine going to oscillate (vibrate) in response to
this excitation of the support (base, floor)?

Whys relevant?

Maybe you can select the values of k and c and isolate the vibration of
the floor, get the machine to stay still in spite of the floor vibrating

The perspectives from which you can tackle the problem:

Investigating the absolute motion of the machine

Motion described relative to a fixed (therefore inertial) reference frame

Investigating the relative motion of the machine

Motion described relative to the motion of the support

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The Absolute Motion

Alternative

Notation used:

x(t) captures the motion of the

machine
y(t) captures the motion of the base

EOM: Apply N2L for body of mass m:

Leads to

Equivalently,
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The Absolute Motion Alternative

(Cntd)

Motion of the floor considered known

You can always measure the vibration of the floor

Assumed to be of the form

If floor motion not in this form but some other general periodic function use
Fourier Series Expansion and then fall back on the principle of superposition

Based on the assumed expression of the floor motion, EOM becomes

Note that this looks as though the mass m is acted upon a force
whose expression is the RHS of the EOM above:
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The Absolute Motion Alternative

(Cntd)

Steady-state response of the mass is then given by

NOTE:

Phase angle 1 will be the same for both terms above

It depends on the values m, c, k, .

It does not depend on the amplitude of the excitation

Expression of xp(t) can be further massaged to assume a

more compact form (see next slide)
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The Absolute Motion Alternative

(Cntd)

Equivalent form of response

The angles are defined as

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The Absolute Motion Alternative

(Cntd)

Amplification factor finally evaluated as

Recall the important question here

How can you have a small X even when Y is large?

In practice, given m (mass of machine) and frequency of

oscillation , you choose those values of k and c that minimize
the value of the amplification ratio above
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Example: Vehicle Vibration

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