Heat and Temperature

WhatisHeat??
HEAT
In Physics, heat is
aformofenergyassociatedwiththemotionofatomsormolecules
andcapableofbeingtransmittedthrough
solidandfluidmediabyconduction,throughfluidmediabyconvec
tion,andthroughemptyspacebyradiation.
Thetransferofenergyfromonebodytoanotherasaresultofadiff
erenceintemperatureorachangeinphase.

WhatisTemperature??
TEMPERATURE
Atemperatureisanobjectivecomparativemeasureofhotorcold.
Itismeasuredbyathermometer,whichmayworkthroughthebulk
behaviorofathermometricmaterial,detectionofthermalradiation,
orparticlekineticenergy.Severalscalesandunitsexistfor
measuringtemperature,themostcommonbeingCelsius(denoted
C;formerlycalledcentigrade),Fahrenheit(denotedF),and,
especiallyinscience,Kelvin(denotedK).

Measurements:
Celsius
Celsius,historicallyknownascentigrade,isascaleandunitofmeasurementfor
temperature.AsanSIderivedunit,itisusedbymostcountriesintheworld.Itis
namedaftertheSwedishastronomerAndersCelsius(17011744),whodeveloped
asimilartemperaturescale.Thedegree Celsius(C)canrefertoaspecific
temperatureontheCelsiusscaleaswellasaunittoindicateatemperatureinterval,
adifferencebetweentwotemperaturesoranuncertainty.Beforebeingrenamedto
honourAndersCelsiusin1948,theunitwascalledcentigrade,fromthe
Latincentum,whichmeans100,andgradus,whichmeanssteps.Thelogicalname
fortheunitwastheonemostlyuseduntilthemediaandeducationestablishment
were'encouraged'toswitchtothehonorarytitle.

Measurements:
Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit(symbolF)isatemperaturescalebasedononeproposedin1724by
theGermanphysicistDanielGabrielFahrenheit(16861736),afterwhomthescale
isnamed.Thereexistseveralaccountsofhowheoriginallydefinedhisscale.The
lowerdefiningpoint,0degrees,wasestablishedasthetemperatureofasolutionof
brinemadefromequalpartsoficeandsalt.Furtherlimitswereestablishedasthe
meltingpointofwater(32degrees)andhisbestestimateoftheaverage
humanbodytemperature(96degrees,about2-1/2degreeslessthanmodern
measurements).Thescaleisnowusuallydefinedbytwofixedpoints:the
temperatureatwhichwaterfreezesintoiceisdefinedas32degrees,andtheboiling
pointofwaterisdefinedtobe212degrees,a180-degreeseparation,asdefinedat
sealevelandstandardatmosphericpressure.

Measurements:
Kelvin
Thekelvinisaunitofmeasurefortemperaturebaseduponanabsolutescale.Itisoneofthe
sevenbaseunitsintheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI)andisassignedtheunitsymbolK.
TheKelvin scaleisanabsolute,thermodynamictemperaturescaleusingasitsnullpoint
absolutezero,thetemperatureatwhichallthermalmotionceasesintheclassicaldescription
ofthermodynamics.Thekelvinisdefinedasthefraction1273.16ofthethermodynamic
temperatureofthetriplepointofwater(exactly0.01Cor32.018F).[1]Inotherwords,itis
definedsuchthatthetriplepointofwaterisexactly273.16K.
TheKelvinscaleisnamedaftertheBelfast-born,GlasgowUniversityengineerandphysicist
WilliamLordKelvin(18241907),whowroteoftheneedforan"absolutethermometric
scale".UnlikethedegreeFahrenheitanddegreeCelsius,thekelvinisnotreferredtoor
typesetasadegree.Thekelvinistheprimaryunitoftemperaturemeasurementinthe
physicalsciences,butisoftenusedinconjunctionwiththeCelsiusdegree,whichhasthe
samemagnitude.Subtracting273.16Kfromthetemperatureofthetriplepointofwater
(0.01C)makesabsolutezero(0K)equivalentto273.15C(459.67F).

ThePeopleBehind

1596GalileoGalileiandthefirstthermoscope
GalileoGalileiisoftenclaimedtobetheinventorofthethermometer.
Howevertheinstrumentheinventedcouldnotstrictlybecalleda
thermometer:tobeathermometeraninstrumentmustmeasure
temperaturedifferences;Galileo'sinstrumentdidnotdothis,but
merelyindicatedtemperaturedifferences.Hisinstrumentshould
rightlybecalledathermoscope.
The Thermoscope
Thepredecessortothethermometer,thethermoscopeisa
thermometerwithoutascale;itindicatesdifferencesintemperature
onlyitcanshowifthetemperatureishigher,lowerorthesame,but
unlikeathermometeritcannotmeasurethedifferencenorcanthe
resultberecordedforfuturereference.Thethermoscopewaswidely
usedbyagroupofscientistsinVenicethatincludedGalileo.Itwas
onlyasmallstepfromthethermoscopetothethermometer.

1612SantorioSantorio-thefirstthermometer
TheItalian,SantorioSantorio(1561-1636)isgenerallycreditedwith
havingappliedascaletoanairthermoscopeatleastasearlyas1612
andthusisthoughttobetheinventorofthethermometerasa
temperaturemeasuringdevice.Santorio'sinstrumentwasanair
thermometer.Itsaccuracywaspoorastheeffectsofvaryingair
pressureonthethermometerwerenotunderstoodatthattime.

1654Thefirstsealedliquid-in-glassthermometer
Thesealedliquid-in-glassthermometer,morefamiliartoustoday,was
firstproducedin1654bytheGrandDukeofTuscany,FerdinandII
(1610-1670).Histhermometerhadanalcoholfilling.Althoughthis
wasasignificantdevelopmenthisthermometerwasinaccurateand
therewasnostandardisedscaleinuse.

1714Thefirstmercurythermometer
GabrielFahrenheit(1686-1736)wasthefirstpersontomakeathermometerusing
mercury.Themorepredictableexpansionofmercurycombinedwithimproved
glassworkingtechniquesledtoamuchmoreaccuratethermometer.
Fahrenheit-thefirstStandardThermometerScale
Fahrenheitusedthenewlydiscoveredfixedpointstodevisethefirststandard
temperaturescaleforhisthermometer.Fahrenheitdividedthefreezingandboiling
pointsofwaterinto180degrees.32waschosenasthethefigureforthelowerfixed
pointasthisproducedascalethatwouldnotfallbelowzeroevenwhenmeasuring
thelowestpossibletemperaturesthathecouldproduceinhislaboratory-amixture
ofice,saltandwater.ItissometimessuggestedthatFahrenheitdividedhisscaleinto
100degreesusingbloodtemperature(incorrectlymeasured)andthefreezingpoint
ofwaterasfixedpoints-thisisnottrue.TheFahrenheitscaleisstillinusetoday.
1731TheRamurScale
In1731theFrenchman,RenAntoineFerchaulddeRamur(1683-1757)proposed
athermometerscaleonwhichthefreezingpointofwaterwas0andtheboiling
pointwas80.TheRamurscaleisnotinusetoday.

1742TheCelsiusScale
In1742aSwedishscientistnamedAndersCelsius(1701-1744)
devisedathermometerscaledividingthefreezingandboilingpoints
ofwaterinto100degrees.Celsiuschose0degreesfortheboiling
pointofwater,and100degreesforthefreezingpoint.Ayearlater,
theFrenchmanJeanPierreCristin(1683-1755)invertedtheCelsius
scaletoproducetheCentigradescaleusedtoday(freezingpoint0,
boilingpoint100).Byinternationalagreementin1948Cristin's
adaptedscalebecameknownasCelsiusandisstillinusetoday.

1848TheAbsoluteTemperatureScaleorKelvinScale
In1848SirWilliamThomson,BaronKelvinofLargs,LordKelvin
ofScotland(1824-1907)proposedtheabsolutetemperaturescale
withzerodegreesbeingthetheoreticallowesttemperaturepossible
wheremolecularmotionceases.Kelvindefined1Kelvindegreeas
beingequaltooneCelsius.TheDegreeKelvinisthecurrent
StandardUnitoftemperaturemeasurement.

Your Brain (trivia)

Your brain has its own temperature

sensor.
It monitors your own internal temperature.
If the temperature outside changes, the
sensor signals your brain to release
chemicals that will help your body adjust
to normal temperature (37C)

Using Energy from Heat / Thermal Energy

What are some ways that we use heat?

Cook food
Warm buildings
Dry clothes
What are some ways Thermal Energy has
been used throughout history?

Development of Heat Technologies

What heat technologies can you think of

that have been developed through-out
time? Why have they changed?

Examples.

Devices to generate, transfer,

control or remove heat

Heat = Thermal energy

Can you think of any examples of devices

that generate, transfer, control or remove
heat?

Sources of Thermal Energy / Heat

Chemical Energy

Stored chemical energy is released in the

form of thermal energy when it is burned.

Electrical Energy

Electricity

Example: hydro-electric dams falling water is

changed to electrical energy

Geothermal Energy

Energy that we get from the Earths interior

Solar Energy

Energy from the sun

Passive Solar Heating

Uses materials in the

structure to absorb,
store, and release
solar energy.

Example: a wall of
windows

Active Solar Energy

Uses mechanical
devices to distribute
stored thermal energy

Example: fans

Solar Collectors use

stored water or air on the
roof, heats it, and then
pumps it through the
building

Wind Energy

Moving air
Is a result of solar
energy as the sun
heats the air, the
warmer air rises and
cools off. Cooler air
falls, creating a
convection current
this forms wind

Fossil Fuels

Chemicals made from plants and animals that died and

decomposed millions of years ago and have preserved
deep underground.

Energy Converters

Energy can be converted into another form.

For example a candle can convert chemical

energy into heat and light energy.

Candles are energy converters (devices which

convert or change energy from one form to
another.)

Other examples????

Formulasofconversion..