Mobile Radio

Cellular Mobile
Communications
Lectrure 2
Dr.Raghad Z.Yousif

Multiplexing
Multiplexing
the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of
multiple signals across a single data link.

Multiplexer (MUX)
Demultiplexer (DEMUX)
Link
The physical path

Channel
The portion of a link that carriers a transmission between a given pair of
lines.
One link can have many channels (n).
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Figure .1 Dividing a link into channels

Frequency-Division Multiplexing
FDM
Analog technique

Guard band
To prevent signals from overlapping

Multiplexing process
Similar signals modulates different carrier frequencies (f1, f2,
and f3).

Figure.3 Frequency-division multiplexing

FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that

combines analog signals.

Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be

multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 kHz
between the channels to prevent interference?
Solution
Forfivechannels,weneedatleastfourguardbands.This
meansthattherequiredbandwidthisatleast
5100+410=540kHz,
asshowninFigure6.7.
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Figure 7 Example 2

Example 4

The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two

bands. The first band of 824 to 849 MHz is used for
sending, and 869 to 894 MHz is used for receiving. Each
user has a bandwidth of 30 kHz in each direction. How
many people can use their cellular phones
simultaneously?
Solution
Eachbandis25MHz.Ifwedivide25MHzby30kHz,we
get 833.33. In reality, the band is divided into 832
channels.Ofthese,42channelsareusedforcontrol,which
meansonly790channelsareavailableforcellularphone
users.
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Figure 12 TDM
TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for combining
several low-rate
channels into one high-rate one

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Figure 6.13 Synchronous time-division multiplexing

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Example 5

In Figure 13, the data rate for each input connection is 3

kbps. If 1 bit at a time is multiplexed (a unit is 1 bit), what
is the duration of (a) each input slot, (b) each output slot,
and (c) each frame?
Solution
Wecananswerthequestionsasfollows:
a.Thedatarateofeachinputconnectionis1kbps.This
meansthatthebitdurationis1/1000sor1ms.The
durationoftheinputtimeslotis1ms(sameasbit
duration).
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Example 5 (continued)

b.Thedurationofeachoutputtimeslotisonethirdofthe
inputtimeslot.Thismeansthatthedurationofthe
outputtimeslotis1/3ms.
c.Eachframecarriesthreeoutputtimeslots.Sothe
durationofaframeis31/3ms,or1ms.Theduration
ofaframeisthesameasthedurationofaninputunit.

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Figure 6.15 Interleaving

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Definition
A cellular mobile comms. system uses a large
number of low-power wireless transmitters to
create cells
Variable power levels allow cells to be sized
according to subscriber density and demand
within a particular region

As mobile users travel from cell to cell, their

conversations are handed off between cells
Channels (frequencies) used in one cell can be

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Mobile Comms. Principles

Mobile uses a separate, temporary radio channel to
talk to the cell site
Cell site talks to many mobiles at once, using one
channel per mobile
Channels use a pair of frequencies for
communication
The forward link for transmitting from the cell site
The reverse link for the cell site to receive calls
from the users
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Mobile Comms. Principles

Radio energy dissipates over distance, so mobiles must

stay near the base station to maintain communications
Basic structure of mobile networks includes telephone
systems and radio services

Where mobile radio service operates in a closed network and has no

access to the telephone system, mobile telephone service allows
interconnection to the telephone network

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Mobile Systems Using Cells

The cellular concept employs variable low-power levels
cells are sized according to the subscriber density and
demand in a given area
As
with early
mobile
radio to
systems,
the base station
Cells
can be
added
accommodate
population
communicates with mobiles via a channel

growth

The channel is made of two frequencies, one for transmitting to the

base station and one to receive information from the base station

Mobile System using

Cellular architecture

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Cellular System Architecture

In modern cellular telephony, rural and urban regions
are divided into areas according to specific provisioning
guidelines
Deployment parameters, such as amount of cellsplitting and cell sizes, are determined by engineers
experienced in cellular system architecture

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Cells
A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system
The term cellular comes from the honeycomb shape of the
areas into which a coverage region is divided
Cells are base stations transmitting over small geographic
areas that are represented as hexagons
Size varies depending on the landscape

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Clusters
A cluster is a group of cells
No channels are reused within a cluster

A seven Cell Cluster

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Cell Splitting
Allows urban centres to be split into as many
areas as necessary for acceptable service levels in
heavy-traffic regions, while larger, less expensive
cells can be used to cover remote rural regions

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