GSM Fundamentals

Technology of Multiple Access

The

technology of multiply access

Numerous

subscribers use public telecommunication lines but

dont disturb each other.

Multiple Access technology

FDMA

CDMA
TDMA

GSM Technology

Multiple Access Technology - FDMA

FDMA

To realize

different frequency channels.

FDMA

Multiple Access Technology - TDMA

TDMA

To realize

communication by different timeslots.

TDMA

Multiple Access Technology - CDMA

CDMA
Using

different code sequences to realize communication.

CDMA

Physical Channel Time Slot

One Time Slot

...

...
B TS

Bursts from Mobile Station

Work Frequency Band

GSM

up/ MHz

down/ MHz

System

bandwidth/

Duplex interval/

Number of

MHz

MHz

Duplex
channels

GSM900

890 ~ 915

935 ~ 960

2 25

45

124

GSM900E

880 ~ 890

925 ~ 935

2 35

45

174

GSM1800

1710 ~ 1785

1805 ~ 1880

2 75

95

374

GSM1900

1850~1910

1930~1990

2 60

80

299

Work Frequency Band

Channel Interval

Each carrier frequency stands 200 KHz bandwidth it adopts

TDMA and includes eight physical channels.

Channel Configuration

GSM900MHz frequency band

fu(n)=890.2MHz+(n-1)*0.2MHz
fd(n)= fu(n)+45MHz

GSM1800MHz frequency band

fu(n)=1710.2MHz+(n-512)*0.2MHz
fd(n)= fu(n)+95MHz
fu(n) uplink frequency MS sending BTS receiving
fd(n) downlink frequency BTS sending MS receiving

Technology of Frequency Multi-use

frequency
Users

multi-use

in different location use the same frequency channel. It

improves frequency efficiency greatly.

The unreasonable system design may induce same frequency and
adjacent frequency interference in the network easily.
C1
P0

C1
C/I=

f1
R

f1
P0 R

C/I=

(D/R)2 = 3*K
D--the distance of frequency multi-use
R--the radius of a cell
K--the mode of frequency multi-use

Technology of Frequency Multi-use

A3

3x3
B3
C3
A3

3
1
3

4
2
4
2

A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2
A1
A2

C3
A3
B3
C3

C1
C2
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2

A3
B3
C3
A3

A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2
A1
A2

C3
A3
B3
C3

C1
C2
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1

A3
B3
C3
A3

A1
A2

C3

B1
B2

A3

C1
C2

B3

A1
A2

C3

C2

C1
C2
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2

K=3

1
1
3
1

1
4
2

1
1

K=4

4
6

2
5
7

1
K=7

Technology of Frequency Multi-use

GSM

most basal frequency multi-use mode 43

12 cells

4 base stations

3cells
12 frequencies constitute a gro

5
1
9

3
6
2
10

7
11
4

8
12
R

Frequency Hopping
Frequency

Call is transmitted through several

frequencies in order to
average the interference (interference diversity)
minimise the impact of fading (frequency diversity)

F1
F2
F3

Time

The Benefits of Frequency

Hopping
1. Frequency diversity; Compensates the
frequency selective fast fading
Signal
Level

F1
F2
F3

MS Location

Distance

Bursts sent on frequency F2 are degraded or lost, but the initial signal may
still be reconstructed from the bursts on frequencies F1 and F3.

The Benefits of Frequency

Hopping
2. Interference diversity; the interference
is averaged over multiple users

Interference

No hopping

Interference

F1

With hopping

F1
F3

F1

F1

F2

MS_1 MS_2

F3

MS_3

F2 F3

MS_1

average

F2
F2 F
3

MS_2

MS_3

Interference Averging
Field strenght
Serving carrier
worst
interference

interference
margin

average
strongest
interference

average
weakest
interference
no FH

FH with
improved
quality

FH with tighter
frequency
reuse

FH Implementation
BB-FH

F1(+ BCCH)

TRX-1

F2
TRX-3

Dig.

PSTN
MSC

MS does not see

any difference

Frequency

F3
F1
F2
F3

RF

BSC
TCSM

Time

RF-FH

TRX-1

F1, F2, F3

TRX-2

BCCH

Dig.

RF

Control Channel

CCH
Control channel

CCCH

DCCH

SDCCH

BCCH

ACCH
BCCH
RACH

SACCH

SCH

CBCH

FACCH
FCCH
PCH/AGCH

Broadcast Channel
(BCH)

BCCH

is used to broadcast network

FCCH

carries the information used to

system information

correct MS frequency. Due to it, MS is able

Cell frequency point

to locate and demodulate other information

Adjacent cell s BCCH

frequency point
LAI
Manage CCCH & CBCH.

SCH

BCH
BCH is
is just
just used
used at
at
down
down linking
linking path
path

will give MS all information which needs to be

synchronized , such cell s TDMA frame and BSIC.

in the same cell.

Common Control Channel

(CCH)
PCH

--- downlink

AGCH

---downlink

channel point to more points.

channel point to more points.

It is used to call MS. The paging

It is used when BTS assigns

range is the whole LAC area that

MS stands.
CBCH

is ---

SDCCH to MS.

CCCH faces to all MS in

the cell

RACH

is a kind

downlink

of uplink channel

channel point to

point to more

Itpoints
is used to
more

points.

broadcast SMS and

MS sends the

some public

request of

messages in this cell.

connection
through RACH.

Dedicate control
(DCH)

SDCCH

--- a kind of bidirectional channel

It is used to pager process such as

authentication.

SACCH

--- bidirectional channel,

accompany TCH and SDCCH

To transfer testing reports

Update position.

To transfer MS power

Short message.

controlling messages.

It is also used to assign

TCH.

DCCH
DCCH is
is used
used in
in a
a
specific
specific MS
MS

To transfer TA

FACCH --- bidirectional channel accompanying TCH

Supply higher speed than SACCH to transfer signal message.

Use 20ms burst voice pulse sequence to transfer signal which is called stealing frame.

Structure of GSM System

BSS - Base Station
Subsystem

OMC

VLR
BTS

BSC

HLR

MSC
IWF

BTS
BTS

EIR
BSC

NSS - Network
Subsystem
PSTN
ISDN
PSPDN

BTS
BTS

Airum

NMS - Network
Management
System

SC

MS
Abis

AC

Ater

Transcoder

Each module function of GSM system

MS
MS(Mobile
(MobileStation)
Station)

MS
MSisisused
usedtotorealize
realizemobile
mobileterminal
terminal functions.
functions.

BTS
BTS(Base
(BaseTransceiver
TransceiverStation)
Station)

BTS
BTSisisused
usedtotorealize
realizeradio
radiocommunication
communicationbetween
betweenmobile
mobile

communication
communicationsystem
systemand
andMS.
MS.

BSC
BSC(Base
(BaseStation
Station Controller)
Controller)

BSC
BSCisisused
usedto
torealize
realizehub
hubfunction
functionfrom
fromradio
radiosystem
systemto
to

switch
switchsystem,
system,the
thefunction
functionofofradio
radioresource
resourcemanagement
management
and
andother
othercontrol
controlfunctions
functionsrelated
relatedto
toradio
radio. .

Function of GSM systems each module

HLR
HLR(Home
(HomeLocation
LocationRegister)
Register)

In
Infact
factititisisaadatabase
databaseused
usedtotostore
storefollowing
followingdata
data

users
usersdata
data
mainly
mainlyincluding
including

information
informationofofusers
usersposition
position

VLR
VLR(Visitor
(Visitor Location
Location Register)
Register)

In
Infact
factititisisaadatabase
databasewhich
whichisisused
usedto
tostore
storeusers
usersinformation,
information,

mainly
mainlyincludes
includes

MSRN
MSRN(Mobile
(MobileStation
StationRoaming
RoamingNumber)
Number)
TMSI
TMSI(Temporary
(TemporaryMobile
MobileSubscriber
SubscriberIdentification)
Identification)

The
TheLocation
LocationArea
AreaCode
CodeofofMobile
MobileStation
Station

Data
DataRelated
Relatedtotosupplementary
supplementaryservice
service

Function of GSM systems each module

MSC
MSC(Mobile
(MobileService
ServiceSwitching
Switchingcenter)
center)

ItItisisused
usedtotorealize
realize switch
switchfunction
functionof
ofmobile
mobileservice.
service.

AUC
AUC(Authentication
(Authentication Center)
Center) ::

ItItisisused
usedtotoauthenticate
authenticateusers
usersidentity.
identity.

EIR
EIR(mobile
(mobilestation
station Equipment
Equipment Identity
Identity

Register)
Register) ::

ItItisisused
usedtotostore
storeand
andauthenticate
authenticatethe
theidentity
identityofofmobile
mobilestations
stations

equipments
equipments

OMC
OMC(Operation
(Operation &&Maintenance
MaintenanceCenter)
Center)

ItItisisused
usedto
tomonitor
monitorand
andcontrol
controlsystem
systemequipments.
equipments.

GSM three network subsystems

GSM

network is consist of three network subsystems.

Air

Abis

O&M

BSS System

BSS is consist of the

following units

BSC (Base Station Controller)

BTS (Base Station)

TC Transcoder

BSS main functions

Radio control network & management

convert voice to code

Air interface signal & data processing

To link NSS signal and air

BSC
TC

BSC

BTS

TC

BTS

BTS

NSS System

NSS is consist of following

units

MSC Mobile service Switching

Center

HLR Home Location Register

NSS Main Functions

Calling control

Calculate the cost

Mobile Management

Signal related to other

network base stations

VLR Visitor Location Register

AC
EIR

Authentication Center
Equipment Identity Register

Users data processing

Locate users position

NMS System

NMS Main Functions

Each function and unit of

monitoring network.
Malfunction Management
Configuration Management
Performance Management

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