Topic: Applications of Macro Bends in Fiber Optics

Group Members:

EE Batch (2012-16)
(1263) Section C

M Azam Solehri

Bilal Kiyani

Usman Abid

Muheet bin Nasir

(1327)

Waleed Azam

(1316)

H Abdul Basit

(1252)

Hanan Khan

(1287)
(1284)

(1329)

Government College University Faisalabad

Applications of Macro bends in

Optical Fiber
Todays Agenda:
What is Fiber optics
Working Principle of Fiber Optics
Losses in Optical Communication
Need of Macro bends in Optical Fiber
Effect of macro bends in Communication
Bend insensitive Optical fiber

1) Fiber Optics Communication

Fiber-optic communication is
a
method
of
transmitting
information from one place to
another by sending pulses of
light through an optical fiber.
The
light
forms
an
electromagnetic carrier wave
that is modulated to carry
information.

1) Fiber Optics Communication

Optical
fiberis
used
by
many
telecommunications
companies
to
transmit
telephone signals, Internet communication, and
cable
television
signals.
Due
to
much
lowerattenuation andinterference, optical fiber
has large advantages over existing copper wire in
long-distance and high-demand applications.

1) Fiber Optics Communication

Modern
fiber-optic
communication
systems generally include an optical
transmitter to convert an electrical
signal into an optical signal to send into
the optical fiber, acable containing
bundles of multiple optical fibers that is
routed through underground conduits
and buildings, multiple kinds of
amplifiers, and an optical receiver to
recover the signal as an electrical
signal. The information transmitted is
typicallydigital informationgenerated

2) Working Principle of Fiber Optical

Communication

An Optical Fiber works on the principle of Total

Internal Reflection. Light rays are reflected
and guided down the length of an optical fiber.
The acceptance angle of the fiber determines
which light rays will be guided down the fiber .

2) Working Principle of Fiber Optical

Communication
Two Requirements for Total Internal Reflection
Total internal reflection (TIR) is the phenomenon that involves
the reflection of all the incident light off the boundary. TIR only
takes place when both of the following two conditions are met:

The light is traveling from more dense medium to the less

dense medium.

The angle of incidence is greater than the so-called critical

angle.

Where critical angle is

n2= Refrective index of
Cladding
n1= Refrective index of Core

3) Losses in Optical Fiber Communication

Types of Losses:
Linear Scattering Loss
Absorption Loss
Bending loss

3) Losses in Optical Fiber Communication

Macro Bends in Fiber

Micro Bends in Fiber

4) Need of Macro bends in Optical Fiber

Easy

Installment:

Instalment of Fiber in houses and streets

becomes
more convenient through bending the fiber according to your
requirements.

Occupies

less space:

It Significantly occupies less space and you can cover

more users with less fiber by bending your fiber according to
your requirements

5)

Effect of macro bends in Communication

Macro Bends in Fiber Optics:

A relatively large bend in an optical waveguide, such as a fiber optic cable, is
known as Macro Bend.

Infiber optictransmissions, macro bend is a large visible bend in the

optical fiber that can causeextrinsic attenuation, a reduction of optical
power in the glass.

Bending Loss in Fibers:

Losses occur at bends as light at the bend tends to want to carry on in a

straight line. When the bend diameter is on the order of a few tens of
millimeters (the exact diameter range depends on the fiber design) the
fiber can exhibit significant losses due to the bend disrupting the
guidance of the fiber.

5) Bending Loss

Due to bending in Fiber, the incident angle at some time gets less than the
Critical angle due to which Total Internal Reflection doesnt happens and light
gets Refracted out of the core & cladding. And as a result light loss or
information loss occurs.
i.e.

6) Bend insensitive Fiber

Reduced bend loss sensitivity versus standard telecom fibers

Good splicing performance

High strength

Available in both 80 and 125 m clad diameter

Higher bandwidth applications can be confidently deployed using bend

insensitive fibers as accidental excessive bending of fibers does not
cause much of performance degradation.