EEE/ETE 353

Measurements and
Instrumentation

Chapter-10:
Instrument Transformers
Text book: Electrical and Electronic
Measurements and Instrumentation
(A. K. Sawhney)
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Topics to be Covered

Use of Instrument transformers

Purpose of Instrument transformers
Types of Instrument transformers
Basic operating principle of CT and PT
Ratios of instrument transformers
Burden of an instrument transformer
A Current transformer: Theory, errors and characteristics
A Potential transformer: Theory, errors and
characteristics

Uses of Instrument Transformers

Transformers are used in ac systems for
measurement of I,V, P, E, pf, f, etc.
Instrument transformers are used for measuring V
and I in electrical power systems, and for power
system protection and control.
Instrument transformers find a wide application in
protection circuits of power systems for the
operation of over-current, under-voltage, earth-fault
and various types of relays.

Classification of Instrument
Transformer
Current transformers (CT)
Potential transformers (PT)

Current Transformers (CT)

A CT basically has two
coils: primary and secondary
windings.
Primary coil: It has one or
more turns (few) of heavy
cross-sectional area.
This is connected in series
with the line, carrying high
current.
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 Secondary coil: It has large

number of turns of fine wire
with low cross-sectional
area.
This is usually rated for 5A.
It is connected with a
normal range ammeter.
The CT steps down I to the
level of ammeter.

Working Principle of CT

Turn Ratio of CT

Potential Transformers (PT)

A PT basically has two
coils: primary and
secondary windings.
Primary coil: It has large
number of turns.
This is connected across
the high voltage line.

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 Secondary coil: It has few

turns.
This is usually rated for
110V.
It is connected with a lowrange range voltmeter.
PT steps down V to level
of voltmeter.
One of the end of
secondary is always
connected to the ground for
the safety purpose.
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Working Principle of PT

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Ratios of Instrument
Transformers
3 different types of ratiosi) Transformation or actual ratio (R)
ii) Nominal ratio (Kn)
iii) Turns ratio (n)

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Ratio Correction Factor

(RCF)

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Burden of an Instrument
Transformer

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Theory of CT

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Equivalent Ckt diagram of CT

Phasor Diagram

Section of phasor diagram

Transformation Ratio (R) of CT

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Derivation of Phase angle

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Approximate formula of error

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Characteristics of CT

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Turn Compensation
10.5.5 (page 393)

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Clamp on Ammeter
10.5.7

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Effect of secondary open in CT

10.5.8

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Theory of PT

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Phasor Diagram of PT

Partial Phasor
Diagram of PT

Transformation Ratio of PT
R n

nI s (R s cos X s sin ) Is rp I m X p
V

Is
(X p cos R p sin ) I e X p I m rp )
n
rad
nVs

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Characteristics of PT

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Characteristics of PT

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Errors in CT & PT

Ratio Error:

Phase angle Error:

For CT,

For PT,

Is
(X p cos R p sin ) Ie X p I m rp )
n
rad
nVs
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Comparison Between CT and PT

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Reduction of Errors in Instrument

Transformers

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Reduction of Errors in Instrument

Transformers

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Advantages & Disadvantages of IT

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 Example 10.8, page-403:A current transformer of turns

ratio 1:199 is rated as 1000/5A, 25 VA. The core loss
and magnetizing component of the primary current a e
4 and 7 A under rated conditions. Determine the phase
angle and ratio errors for the rated burden and rated
secondary current at 0.8 p.f. lagging and 0.8 p.f.
leading. Neglect the resistance and leakage resistance
of secondary winding.

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 Example 10.10, page-404: At its rated load of 25 VA, a

100/5 A current transformer has an iron loss of 0.2 W
and a magnetizing current of 1.5 A. Calculate its ratio
error and phase angle when supplying rated output to a
meter having a ratio of resistance to reactance of 5.

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