CHAPTER X:

National and
International
Violence

RACISM
Defined as an individuals prejudice
attitudes and discriminatory behavior
towards people of a given race.
Racism can also result from a need for
status in the group.
The psychological benefit that can be
gained from this is the feeling of
superiority

WAR
Karl von Clausewitz, "war is the
continuation of politics by other
means.
War is a universal phenomenon
whose form and scope is defined by
society that wages it.

 A group of combatants and their

support is called
- Army (on land)
- Navy (at sea)
- Air Force (in air)
Military Campaign includes not only
fighting but also intelligence, troop
movements, supplies and propaganda.
War is not limited to human species.

TRADEOFF ANALYSIS
THEORY
Wars can happen when a group of
people or an organization perceives the
benefits that can be obtained from war
to be greater than the cost. Here are
some of the reasons when this may
happen:
As protection of national pride
preventing the loss of territory

by

 As a protection of
preventing the loss

livelihood by
of resources.

As a way to inflict punishment on the

perpetuator, especially when ones
country is military more capable than
the other.

BEHAVIORAL
THEORY
Human beings are inherently
violent.
Human temperament allows wars to
occur when mentally unbalanced
people are in control of a nation.

EVOLUTIONARY
PSYCHOLOGY
Conrad Lorenz
See war as a extension of animal
behavior.
Development pf technology has
accelerated human destructiveness
to a level that is irrational and
damaging to the nature.

DEMOGRAPHIC
THEORIES
Group into two classes:
Malthusian theories
Youth Bulge theories

 Malthusian theories Expanding

population and scarce resources .

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) wrote that

populations always increase until they are
limited by war , disease , or famine.


Youth Bulge theories- focuses
on excess young males .

Heinsohn , A Youth Bulge occurs

when 30 to 40 percent of the
males (ages 15 to 29 years) of a
nation belong to the Fighting age.

SIX DIFFERENT PATHS:

1.Violent crime
2.Emigration (non violent colonization)
3.Rebellion
4.Civil war and/or revolution
5.Genocide(to take over the positions of
the slaughtered)
6.Conquest (violent colonization,
Frequently including genocide abroad)

MARXIST
THEORY
All war is caused by a class conflict.
Increase the power of the ruling
class and divide the proletariat of
the world.

EFFECT OF WAR:
On Soldiers - hospitalized for mental
disturbances.
On Civilians violation of human rights,
destruction of property, contracting
diseases to name a few.
On the Economy Brought many
nations great prosperity, Increased their
production of war materials .

MORALITY OF
WAR
War is usually seen by most as
undesirable and morally questionable.
War is inherently immoral and that no
war should ever be fought.
War of defense
War sanctioned by the UN security
council

TERRORISM
Violence intended to intimidate or
cause of harm.
Putting pressure on decision made by
two authority.

 Term terror indicates clandestine,

low-intensity violence.
The suffix ism indicates in
ideology- typically one that claims
that its attacks are in the domian of
just war concept.
Not only for political effectiveness
but only to foster social solidarity.

KEY CRITERIA FOR

ACTS OF TERRORISM
PERPETRATED FOR A POLITICAL GOAL
- What is common in many acts of terrorism is

a political purpose. Terrorism is a political

tactic which is used by the activists when they
believe that no other means will lead to the
kind of change they desire.

 DELIBERATE TARGETTING
COMBATANTS

OF

NON-

The distinctive nature of terrorism lies in its

intentional & specific selection of civilians as
targets. Specially, these include babies, children,
mothers & elderly.

UNLAWFULNESS OR ILLEGITIMACY
- Authorities (notably government) add a criterion
of illegitimacy or unlawfulness to distinguish
between actions authorized by a government
(add thus lawful) & those of terrorists.

Are all Terrorists

Acts Evil?

David Rodin
evil of terrorism is outweighed by the
good which could not be achieved in a
less morally way.

 Michael Walzer
terrorism is always morally wrong
Professor Martin Rudner
Terrorist acts as attacks against
civilians for political or other
ideological goals.

ISLAMIC TERRORISM
Is a form of religious terrorism, the
motivation of which is rooted in the
Qur'an or other Islamic Doctrines of
faith.
Terrorists acts have icluded airline
hijacking, kidnapping, assasination,
bombing and suicide bombing to
name a few.

A PROFILE OF
TERRORISTS
Most common image of Terrorism is
carried out by a small and secretive cells,
highly motivated to serve a particular
cause.
Experts (Profilers) attempted to come
up with a terrorist profile to explain these
individuals action through their behavior
and social interaction.

STRATEGY
The type of conflict varies widely;
historical examples include:
Secession of a territory to form
a new sovereign state
Dominance of territory or
resources by various ethnic
groups

 Imposition of a particular form

of government
Economic deprivation of a
population
Opposition to a domestic
government or occupying army

THE ROLE OF
MASS OF MEDIA
Media exposure may be the primary
goal of all acts of terrorism.
Terrorists group want to expose issues
that would otherwise be ignored by the
media.
This may be considered a manipulation
and exploitation of media.