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Mark Jordan
TheProfessionalDevelopmentServiceforTeachersisfundedbytheDepartmentof
EducationandScienceundertheNationalDevelopmentPlan
Light is stated to travel at a of 299 792 458 m / s. so how long does it take
light to come from the Sun to Earth?
How often could light travel around the earth in one second?
With the advent of new innovative technology is it likely that light will be
made travel faster in the future?
Light is part of
Electromagnetic Spectrum
the part we can see, i.e. the visible spectrum
Shortest
Longest
Light bounces of surfaces. Click the link below (must have Quicktime
installed) to find more about bouncing light and . photons.
http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/lsps07_vid_lightreflect/
object
Plane Mirrors
Light reflected off the mirror converges to form an image in the eye.
image
The eye perceives light rays as if they came from the mirror.
The image is virtual since it is formed by the apparent intersection of light rays.
(apparent rays are indicated on the diagram as broken lines and actually dont exist)
normal
Law 1
When light is reflected off
a mirror, it hits the mirror
at the same angle (the
incidence angle, i) as it
reflects off the mirror (the
reflection angle, r).
Law 2
Angle of
reflection
Angle of
incidence
reflected
ray
incident
ray
r i
Mirror
Points to ponder
A driver in a parked car has 2 views of the car parked behind him rear view
mirror (right) & in the side mirror (left).
o How is it that each mirror gives a different view?
o Which view represents the true distance the parked car is from the drivers car?
(see notes for more information)
a sphere reflective
surface on inside
F: the focal point of the mirror (halfway between C and the mirror)
f: the focal distance, f = r/2
Concave Mirrors
(caved in)
optical axis
Light rays that come in parallel to the optical axis reflect through the focal
point
Light rays that come in along the optical axis strike the mirror at 90 so reflect
back along optical axis through the focal point.
Concave Mirror
Image formed in a concave mirror object placed outside centre of curvature
Centre of Curvature
Focus
Object
Principal axis
Concave Mirror
Image formed in a concave mirror when object placed at centre of curvature
Centre of Curvature
Focus
Object
Principal axis
Concave Mirror
Image formed in a concave mirror when object placed between centre of
curvature & focus
Centre of Curvature
Focus
Object
Principal axis
v
Image:- Real, Inverted & Enlarged
Concave Mirror
Image formed in a concave mirror when object placed at focus
Centre of Curvature
Focus
Object
Principal axis
Image:- At Infinity
Concave Mirror
Image formed in a concave mirror when object placed inside focus
Centre of Curvature
Focus
Object
Principal axis
Equation
1 1 1
f u v
= focal length
u = object distance
v = image distance
if distance is negative the image is behind the mirror
Magnification Equation
v
m
v
m = magnification
v = image height
u = object height
if the magnification is negative
the image is inverted (upside down)
Positive (+)
Negative (--)
Image is front
mirror
Image is behind of
mirror
Mirror is concave
Mirror is convex
Magnification (M)
Image is upright
Image is inverted
Concave
mirror
Lamp-box
Screen
u
Procedure
Get the approx. focal length of mirror by focusing distant object on screen why?
Place the lamp-box well outside the approximate focal length why?
Move the screen until a clear inverted image of the crosswire is obtained.
Measure the distance u from the crosswire to the mirror, using the metre stick.
1 1 1
f u v
Convex Mirrors
optical axis
Light rays that come in parallel to the optical axis reflect from the focal point.
The focal point is considered virtual since sight lines, not light rays, go through it.
Convex Mirrors
Focus
Centre of Curvature
v
Object
principal axis