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By

Mark Jordan

The Professional Development Service for Teachers is funded by the


Department of Education and Skills under the National Development Plan

OUTLINE OF THE DAY

To Be Completed by Class Teacher

TheProfessionalDevelopmentServiceforTeachersisfundedbytheDepartmentof
EducationandScienceundertheNationalDevelopmentPlan

What do you think?

Light is stated to travel at a of 299 792 458 m / s. so how long does it take
light to come from the Sun to Earth?

How often could light travel around the earth in one second?

With the advent of new innovative technology is it likely that light will be
made travel faster in the future?

Dave Grennan, Irish astronomer, recently discovered a supernova that


exploded nearly 300,000 years ago yet the light from that explosion is now
only reaching Earth. How is this possible?
(see notes for more information)

Light is part of
Electromagnetic Spectrum
the part we can see, i.e. the visible spectrum

Shortest

Longest

Electromagnetic waves (including light)


travel at a speed of 3 x 108 ms-1
(see notes for more information)

The visible spectrum is made up of seven colours.


Can you explain why we can see these different
colours.
Is black a colour?

Light bounces of surfaces. Click the link below (must have Quicktime
installed) to find more about bouncing light and . photons.

http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/lsps07_vid_lightreflect/

A ray of light is an extremely narrow


beam of light.

All visible objects emit or reflect


light rays in all directions.

Our eyes detect light rays.

We see images when


light rays
converge in our eyes.

Light can be reflected. Reflection is the


bouncing of light of a solid object
It is possible to see
images in mirrors.
image

object

Mirrors are good at reflecting light rays.

Plane Mirrors

How do we see images in


mirrors?

Light reflected off the mirror converges to form an image in the eye.

image

The eye perceives light rays as if they came from the mirror.
The image is virtual since it is formed by the apparent intersection of light rays.
(apparent rays are indicated on the diagram as broken lines and actually dont exist)

Laws of Reflection Exp.- Follow steps in animation


The normal is a line right angles to the mirror where the ray of light hits it.
(A ray of light striking the mirror at 900 is reflected back along the same path).

normal

Law 1
When light is reflected off
a mirror, it hits the mirror
at the same angle (the
incidence angle, i) as it
reflects off the mirror (the
reflection angle, r).
Law 2

The incident ray,


the reflected ray
and the normal
are all lie on the
same plane.

Angle of
reflection

Angle of
incidence

reflected
ray

incident
ray

r i

Mirror

Points to ponder

A driver in a parked car has 2 views of the car parked behind him rear view
mirror (right) & in the side mirror (left).
o How is it that each mirror gives a different view?
o Which view represents the true distance the parked car is from the drivers car?
(see notes for more information)

Concave Mirror- Part of

a sphere reflective
surface on inside

C: the center point of the sphere


r: radius of curvature (just the radius of the sphere)

F: the focal point of the mirror (halfway between C and the mirror)
f: the focal distance, f = r/2

Concave Mirrors
(caved in)

optical axis

Light rays that come in parallel to the optical axis reflect through the focal
point
Light rays that come in along the optical axis strike the mirror at 90 so reflect
back along optical axis through the focal point.

Concave Mirror
Image formed in a concave mirror object placed outside centre of curvature

Centre of Curvature

Focus

Object

Principal axis

Image:- Real, Inverted & diminished

Concave Mirror
Image formed in a concave mirror when object placed at centre of curvature

Centre of Curvature

Focus

Object

Principal axis

Image:- Real, Inverted & diminished

Concave Mirror
Image formed in a concave mirror when object placed between centre of
curvature & focus
Centre of Curvature

Focus

Object

Principal axis

v
Image:- Real, Inverted & Enlarged

Concave Mirror
Image formed in a concave mirror when object placed at focus

Centre of Curvature

Focus

Object

Principal axis

Image:- At Infinity

Concave Mirror
Image formed in a concave mirror when object placed inside focus

Centre of Curvature

Focus
Object

Principal axis

Image:- Virtual, Erect & Enlarged

Equation

1 1 1

f u v
= focal length
u = object distance
v = image distance
if distance is negative the image is behind the mirror

Magnification Equation

v
m
v
m = magnification
v = image height
u = object height
if the magnification is negative
the image is inverted (upside down)

Sign Convention for Mirrors


Quantity

Positive (+)

Negative (--)

Object location (u)

Object is in front of Object is behind


the mirror
the mirror

Image location (v)

Image is front
mirror

Image is behind of
mirror

Focal length (f)

Mirror is concave

Mirror is convex

Magnification (M)

Image is upright

Image is inverted

TO FIND THE FOCAL LENGTH OF A CONCAVE


MIRROR
Crosswire

Concave
mirror

Lamp-box
Screen
u

Procedure

Get the approx. focal length of mirror by focusing distant object on screen why?

Place the lamp-box well outside the approximate focal length why?

Move the screen until a clear inverted image of the crosswire is obtained.

Measure the distance u from the crosswire to the mirror, using the metre stick.

Measure the distance v from the screen to the mirror.

Calculate the focal length of the mirror using - - - - -

Repeat this procedure for different values of u.


Calculate f each time and then find an average value.

1 1 1

f u v

Convex Mirrors

optical axis

Light rays that come in parallel to the optical axis reflect from the focal point.
The focal point is considered virtual since sight lines, not light rays, go through it.

Convex Mirrors

Focus
Centre of Curvature

v
Object

principal axis

Image:- Virtual, Erect & Diminished

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