Chapter 3

FLUID STATICS

Fluid Mechanics, Spring Term 2009

Gaya geser

Gaya normal

Gaya normal F tegak lurus terhadap permukaan A

Flow of an
unconfined viscous
fluid down an
incline.

Flowing viscous fluid exert shear forces.

Static fluids only exert normal forces.
Moving fluids (dynamics) will be covered later.

Pressure is a scalar quantity

Figure 3.1 (p. 31)

Kesetimbangan gaya arah X :

Kesetimbangan gaya arah Z:

Gaya Vertikal
pada A

Gaya vertikal
dari arah
bawah

Total berat benda

= specific weight

From last slide:

Dibagi dengan:

Jika diasumsikan kecil sekali :

Sehingga besat tekanan pada bidang dari segala arah adalah :

Pressure Transmission

Hydraulic Lift

Figure 3.2 (p. 32)

Dalam sistem tertutup, perubahan tekanan dari satu

titik ditransmisikan ke seluruh titik dalam sistem
(Pascals Law).

Absolute Pressure, Gage Pressure, and Vacuum

Figure 3.3 (p. 34)
Example of
pressure relations

Tekanan dalam ruang hampa adalah p = 0.

Tekanan absolut direferensikan sebagai vakum sempurna.
Tekanan Gage adalah tekanan hasil pengukuran yang dimulai dari
tekanan atmosfer.

Pressure Variation with Elevation

Static fluid:
Semua gaya pada
arah .
Look at force balance
in direction of l
Figure 3.4 (p. 35)

From figure, note that

Shrink cylinder to
zero length:

(from previous slide)

or

Pressure Variation for a Uniform-Density Fluid

The pressure-elevation relation derived on the previous slide,

is perfectly general (applies also to variable ).

But if is constant, the above equation is easy to integrate:

The quantity

is known as the piezometric pressure and

is called the piezometric head.

For an incompressible fluid, is constant.

Pressure and elevation at one point can thus be related
to pressure and elevation at another point:

for
or

Example 3.3: What is the water pressure at a depth of 35 ft?

With the information given,
all we can calculate is the
pressure difference between
points 1 and 2.

(Do yourself a favor and work in SI-units!)

Example 3.4: What is the gage pressure at point 3 ?

Two step solution:
1) Calculate
2) Calculate

(relative to atmospheric pressure at point 1)

Pressure Measurements

Figure 3.7 (p. 42)

Figure 3.6 (p. 41)

Piezometer or
simple manometer

U-tube manometer
Better for higher pressures.
Possible to measure pressure
in gases.

Find pressure at center of pipe:

Can start either at open end
or inside pipe.
Here we start at open end:

p at
open
end

Change
in p from
1 to 2

Change
in p from
3 to 4

p in
pipe

The complete path from

point 1 to point 2 may
include several U-tubes.
In general:

From example 3.9 (p. 44)

Differential Manometer

Figure 3.8 (p. 44)

Used for measuring pressure differences between

points along a pipe.

Example 3.10: Find the change in piezometric pressure

and in piezometric head between points 1 and 2.

( from

The
to give

cancel out

(piezometric pressure)
(piezometric head)

Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

The white area AB
in the figure is a
plane of irregular
shape.
Line A-B is an edge
view of that area.
What is the net force
due to pressure
acting on the sloping
plane AB?
First, note that hydrostatic pressure increases along y as
(since y is not vertical)

This figure is absolutely

awful
Line AB represents the
true location of the
surface.
The white surface is not
drawn in its actual
location.
Line 0-0 is horizontal; the white area has been rotated about
axis A-B from its proper location. In other words, the apparent
depth of the white area within the fluid is not as it appears.

From the definition of pressure:

or
so that the total force on a plane area A is

or

or, since and sin are constants

But the first moment of the area is defined as

so that the total force can be written as

where is the pressure at the centroid of the area.

The boxed equation is known as the hydrostatic force
equation.
We have thus replaced an integral involving a variable
pressure by a constant resultant pressure:

Vertical Location of Line of Action of Resultant

Hydrostatic Force
In English: We wish to represent the distributed pressure
force by an equivalent point force. Where (in the vertical)
does that force act?

2 weights on a beam
supported at ycp

So, for the moment about a point at ycp we have

But with

and

we get

The integral on the right-hand side is the second

moment of the area (about point y=0):

The book just refers to the parallel axis theorem to write

Mathematically, I think it is easy to see that using

Notice that the last term is zero because

Identifying
and

as the 2nd moment about y=0

as the 2nd moment about

We have thus proved the parallel-axis theorem:

As an aside, you may recall that

The moment of inertia of an object
about an axis through its center of
mass Icm is the minimum moment
about any axis in that direction.
The moment about any other
parallel axis is equal to Icm plus the
moment of inertia about distance d
of the entire object treated as a point
mass located at the center of mass.
Our system of pressures has nothing to do with rotations, but
the equations are of the same form

Back to the problem at hand:

Recall from a few slides ago that

so that
or
or
Note that at great depth
, the difference between
the centroid and the center of mass gets very small.

Example 3.12:
Find the normal force
required to open the
elliptical gate if it is
hinged at the top.
First find Ftotal, the total
hydrostatic force acting
on the plate:
With

(Appendix p. A-5) we get

Now calculate the slant distance between

and

The slant distance to the hinge is 8m x 5m/4m = 10m, and the

slant distance from the hinge to the centroid is 2.5m. Hence,

The two moments about the hinge must add to zero:

Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces

We could integrate the vector forces along segment AB, but it

is often easier to find equivalent forces on a free body as
illustrated above.
FAC acts at the center of pressure as from previous section,
FCB acts at centroid of area CB, and W acts at the center of
mass of the free body ABC.

Example 3.14:
Find magnitude and line of
action of equivalent force F.
Force balance in x and y:

The line of action of the horizontal force is

Where we just read

directly off the figure.

The line of action for the vertical force can be found by

summing the moments about C (or any other point)
(notice that we could add a constant to every x-coordinate
since
)

From Appendix p. A-5 (Figure A.1):

Distance from C to centroid is:

So that xcp is found to be

The complete result is summarized below: