MODELLING THE MULTIGROUP MODERATORMEDIATOR ON MOTIVATION AMONG YOUTH IN

HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION TOWARDS

VOLUNTEERISM PROGRAM
NAME:
WAN MOHAMAD ASYRAF BIN WAN
AFTHANORHAN
MATRIC NUMBER:
GSK1478
MAIN SUPERVISOR:
ASSOCIATE PROFESOR DR. SABRI AHMAD

Introduction

Literature
Review

Methodology

Findings

Conclusion
2

INTRODUCTION

To address the
comparison
between male
and female in
volunteering
activity

To what extent the

role of goverment
support as a source
variable creates
barrier, benefits, and
challenges to the
motivation

Problem
Statement

Carol HardyFanter, 1993

found that males
and females took
on different roles
when
volunteering.

Ibrahim mamat,
2012 find out the
level of
involvement in
volunteerism
program is low

Bollen, 1989
explore
moderatormediator can
explain both
effect at the same
time.

OBJECTIVE RESEARCH
To validate the independent (exogenous) and dependent (endogenous) variables
through measurement model.
To develop the best structural
fit, and model modification

(path) model through the model estimation, model

verification on motivation towards volunteerism
program.

To identify the type of mediating effect through the structural model.

To determine the gender as moderator variable on the path interest.

To differentiate the type of moderating effect through the structural model.

To compare the group effect for moderator variable.

4

SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY
The undergraduates and
postgraduates involvement
towards the volunteerism
program is the focus in this study
since it may bring tremendous
benefits to the universities in the
future besides to provide
optimum exposure to the
community.
The study on interrelation
between goverment
support, benefits, barrier,
challenges, and
motivation in an
integrated framework by
using Structural Equation
Modeling (SEM) is a
good interest for
researchers.

This study claims itself to be

among the first to explore the
gender role on the relationship
between goverment support,
barrier, benefits, challenges and
motivation.

Significant of
Study

The comparison
between male and
female can be
conducted to
investigate which group
is more pronounce in
volunteerism

LITERATURE REVIEW
Mediating Effect
Mediation effect can be called as an intervening effects.
A mediator is a predictor link in the relationships between two other
variables.
Normally, a mediator variable can become an exogenous and
endogenous variable at same time.
According to Zainudin Awang (2010) the mediation have three types of
mediator:
1. Full mediation,
2. Partial mediation
3. Non-mediation.

Moderator-Mediator
Moderation is quite different with mediation.
This method is employed to examine the strength influences of
relationships between the endogenous and exogenous variables.
Moderation variable can be categorical and continuous variables.
In this case, the gender role become as moderator in this model to
examine whether the gender influences of these relationship between
exogenous and endogenous constructs.
According to Zainudin Awang (2012) the moderation have three types
of moderator:
1. Full moderation
2. Partial moderation
3. Non-moderation

Summary why benefits, barrier and

challenges become mediator?
AUTHOR/ YEARS
Dingle, 2001

Dingle, 2001

Marlene wilson, 1976 and

Eva Schindler- Rainman,
1987

STATEMENTS
Goverments
may
contribute
by
supporting such infrastructure. Further,
if goverments is better informed about
the people who volunteeer, it is likely to
become more aware of how policy
legislation it introduces can affect, both
directly and indirectly , people giving of
their time
Describe three factors that challenges
volunteering which can be indirectly
among
people to involve the
volunteerism program . These are :
globalization, relations with the state,
and the relation with the market
Explores the barrier is the early
mainstream( i.e not about supported
volunteering
specifically)
volunteer
program
management
literature
contains encouraging messages about
broadening the base of volunteering. In
generals, this factor can be main
research problem of people from getting
involve in volunteerism program due to
the scenario that they will faced. .
Hence, the number whose involve in
these activity will become decrease

VARIABLE
Benefits

Challenges

Barrier

THEREOTICAL FRAMEWORK

METHODOLOGY
Respodent ages must be between 15 to 40 years
old.

The study applied the stratified sampling

technique whereby in Terengganu only
Four higher education institution are selected
randomly among the university available in
Kuala Terengganu
All students in the selected university are taken
as respondents in the study

10

THE PROCEDURE FOR DATA ANALYSIS

STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELLING (SEM)

Assembled for the whole of measurement model

with causal effect and correlation.

Structural Model

Commonly used for confirmatory factor analysis

for unidimensionality procedure.

Measurement Model

5 types
required:
Model
Identificati
on

Model
Specificati
on

of

Model
Evaluation

model
Model
Modificatio
n

Model
Estimation

11

Construct Validity
Convergent
Validity

Construct
Validity

Discrimin
ant
Validity

AVE

AVE > 0.50

GFI

GFI > 0.90

CFI

CFI > 0.90

RMSEA

RMSEA < 0.08

Chisq/Df

Chisq/Df < 5.0

Square Root of
AVE and
correlation of
latent constructs

All the
correlation
between these
construct should
below 0.85

The validity is achieved

when all items in a
measurement model are
statiscally significant.

This validity is
achieved when the
fitness indexes
achieve the following
requirements

This validity is
achieved when the
measurement model is
free from redundant
items.

12

Fitness Indexes
Name of
Category
Absolute
Fit

Comment

Increment
al Fit

Comment
Parsimino
us Fit
Comment

Name of Index

Index Full Name

Level of
Acceptance
GFI > 0.90

Literature

Goodness-of-fit
Joreskog
and
GFI
Index
Sorbom (1986)
Adjusted
AGFI > 0.90
Joreskog
and
AGFI
Goodness-of-fit
Sorbom (1986)
test
Standardized
SRMR < 0.08
Bentler (1995)
SRMR
root mean
square residual
Root mean
RMSEA < 0.06
Steiger & Lind
RMSEA
Square Error
(1980)
Approximation
Higher values of GFI and AGFI as well as lower value of SRMR and
RMSEA indicate better model data fit.
Normed Fit
NFI > 0.90
Bentler &
NFI
Index
Bonett (1980)
Tucker Lewis
TLI > 0.95
Tucker and
TLI
Index
Lewis (1973)
Relative
Rni > 0.90
McDonald &
RNI
noncentrality
Marsh (1990)
Index
Comparative
CFI > 0.95
Bentler
CFI
Fit Index
(1989,1990)
Incremental Fit IFI > 0.90
Bollen (1989)
IFI
Index
Higher values of incremental fit indices indicate larger improvement
over the baseline model in fit.
Chisquare/
Chisq/Df < 5.0
Marsh and
Chisquare/Df
degree of
Hancover
Freedom
(1985)
Very sensitive to the sample size.

13

Mediating Effect
Mediation analysis or intervening effect permits
examination process, allowing the researcher to
examine by what means X exerts its effect on Y.
Although systems of equations linking X to Y through
multiple mediators are possibly to specify

MacKinnon,2000

Partially mediated model was proposed based on Baron and Kennys

(1986) three required conditions is required for mediation effects:
The independent variable must affect the mediating variable. In this instance,
the goverment support predictor must affect the barrier, challenges, and benefits.
The independent variable must affect the dependent variable. In this model,
goverment support constructs must have effect on the outcome variable (i.e.,
motivation)
The mediator must have effect on the dependent variable. In this case, the
barrier, benefits, and challenges must affect motivation.

14

Frone, 1999

Moderated mediation model attempt to explain both

how and when a given effect occurs

Muller et al. (2005)

asserted that moderated mediation happens if the

mediating process that is responsible for producing
the effect of the treatment on the outcome depends
on the value of a moderator variable.

Combination of moderator and mediator in

simultaneously.

Moderated mediation

Moderator and Mediator

DATA ANALYSIS
Reliabili
ty

Normali
ty

To validate the independent

(exogenous) and dependent
(endogenous) variables through
measurement model.

To develop the best structural

(path) model through the model
estimation, model fit, and
model modification verification
on motivation towards
volunteerism program.

To identify the type of

mediating effect through the
structural model.

To determine the gender as

moderator variable on the path
interest.

To differentiate the type of

moderating effect through the
structural model.

To compare the group effect

for moderator variable.

16

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha

N of Items

.919

53

17

Motivation

18

Construct Validity

19

Summary for convergent validity

Cronbach Alpha

CR

AVE

0.923
0.941
0.849
0.761
0.835

0.898
0.941
0.844
0.758
0.838

0.503
0.519
0.477
0.452
0.467

Benefits
Motivation
Challenges
Barrier
Goverment_Support

Discriminant validity
Benefits

Motivation

Challenges

Barrier

Goverment_Support

0.709

0.690

0.721

0.219

0.229

0.691

0.287

0.297

0.390

0.672

0.451

0.449

0.277

0.261

0.683

20

Multigroup Mediating Effect

21

Findings For Mediating Effect

Estimate

Hypothesis

Barrier

<---

Goverment_Support

.353

***

Supported

Challenges

<---

Goverment_Support

.413

***

Supported

Benefits

<---

Goverment_Support

.536

***

Supported

Motivation

<---

Goverment_Support

.127

.027

Supported

Motivation

<---

Barrier

.090

.029

Supported

Motivation

<---

Challenges

.016

.645

Not Supported

Motivation

<---

Benefits

.812

***

Supported

22

Type Mediator
Mediating Variable

P-value

Mediating Variable

P-Value

Type

<---

Goverment_
Support

***

Motivation

<---

Barrier

.029

Partial

Challenges

<---

Goverment_
Support

***

Motivation

<---

Challenge

.645

Full

Benefits

<---

Goverment_
Support

***

Motivation

<---

Benefits

***

Partial

Motivation

<---

Goverment_
Support

Barrier

Constant

.027

23

Multigroup Moderator-Mediator

Result

24

Findings for Moderator-mediator

Male
Estimate

Female
P

Estimate

z-score

Barrier

<---

Goverment_Support

0.29

0.011

0.343

0.000

-0.174

Challenges

<---

Goverment_Support

0.462

0.000

0.36

0.004

-1.192

Benefits

<---

Goverment_Support

0.665

0.000

0.264

0.000

-2.933***

Motivation

<---

Goverment_Support

0.177

0.057

0.132

0.058

-0.2

Motivation

<---

Barrier

0.095

0.099

0.03

0.56

-0.59

Motivation

<---

Challenges

0.021

0.696

0.008

0.822

-0.543

Motivation

<---

Benefits

0.695

0.000

0.892

0.000

0.715

Notes: *** p-value < 0.01; ** p-value < 0.05; * p-value < 0.10

25

Type Moderator
Constructs
Barrier

<-

Challenges

<-

Benefits

<-

Motivation

<-

Motivation
Motivation
Motivation

<<<-

Goverment_
Support
Goverment_
Support
Goverment_
Support
Goverment_
Support
Barrier
Challenges
Benefits

Male

Female

Type Moderation

0.011

0.000

Partially

0.000

0.004

Partially

0.000

0.000

Partially

0.057

0.058

Non

0.099
0.696
0.000

0.56
0.822
0.000

Non
Non
Partially

26

Standardized Estimates

Result
27

Comparing Group
Barrier
Challenges
Benefits
Motivation
Motivation
Motivation
Motivation

Constructs
<--Goverment_Support
<--Goverment_Support
<--Goverment_Support
<--Goverment_Support
<--Barrier
<--Challenges
<--Benefits

Male
.265
.347
.573
.108
.073
.050
.726

P-value
0.011
0.000
0.000
0.057
0.099
0.696
0.000

Female
.282
.215
.289
.111
.031
.011
.687

P-value
0.000
0.004
0.000
0.058
0.56
0.822
0.000

Four significant path which is goverment support on barrier, challenges, and

benefits while the benefits on motivation, one can conclude that the gender
moderates the relationship between these variables
The effect of male group for government support on benefits and challenge, and
benefits on motivation is more pronounced compare to female group.
The effect of female group for government support on barrier is more pronounced
compare to male group only.

Discussion and Conclusion

The male group is more

contribute to involve in
volunteerism program
than female group.
Benefits is the most
contribute on motivation
compare to other
variables.

The study indicate the

goverment support is
statistical significant
different influences on
benefits, challenges, barrier
and motivation.

The theory to apply

moderator-mediator in
this study is supported.

Conclusion

Goverment support has

evidence to support the
moderating effect of
gender on the
relationship between
benefits of volunteering.

29