ORGANA GENITALIA

MASKULINA
oleh
Dr. Hendra Sutardhio

Male Reproductive System

Figure 27.1

Testis
Reproductive functions (produce sperm)
Sperm produced by seminiferous tubule
Endocrine functions (produce
testosterone)
Testosterone produced by Leydig cells
Thick connective tissue capsule: tunica
albuginea w/ fibrous incomplete septa
divide testis into lobules
Each lobule has 1-4 seminiferous tubules
with surrounding loose connective tissue,
vessels and interstitial cells of Leydig

The Testes
Each testis is surrounded by two
tunics:

The tunica vaginalis, derived from

peritoneum
The tunica albuginea, the fibrous capsule
of the testis

Septa divide the testis into 250-300

lobules, each containing 1-4
seminiferous tubules

Components of the
Seminiferous Tubule
Outer connective tissue layer of
fibroblasts and myoid cells (not in
humans)
Basal lamina
Epithelium with 2 major cell types
Sertoli cells (supporting cells)
Spermatogenic cells

Timing of Spermatogenesis
64 days required for cell to go from
spertogonia to spermatozoa
Different seminiferous tubules will be
at different stages of differentiation
Spermatozoa may be present in some
tubules and predominantly spermatids
or primary spermatocytes in others

Spermatogonia
Small cell (12 m dia) at basal lamina
Divide by mitosis and differentiate into
Type A spermatogonia continue dividing;
oval nucleus light and dark types
Type B spermatogonia undergo meiosis;
round nucleus, differentiate into primary
spermatocytes
Primary spermatocytes are large cells with
clumped chromatin in nucleus
Short-lived secondary spermatocytes give
rise to spermatids, small cells with
heterochromatic nuclei
Spermatids undergo spermiogenesis to form
spermatozoa

Spermatogenic Cells
4-8 layers of cells dividing by mitosis
and meiosis to produce spermatozoa
3 phases of spermatogenesis

spermatocytogenesis: spermatogonia
divide by mitosis giving rise to spermatids
spermatids go through meiotic divisions
giving rise to haploid spermatids
spermiogenesis: spermatids differentiate
into spermatozoa

Spermatocytes to Spermatids
Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis
I, forming two haploid cells called
secondary spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes undergo
meiosis II and their daughter cells are
called spermatids
Spermatids are small round cells seen
close to the lumen of the tubule

Spermiogenesis: Spermatids to Sperm

Late in spermatogenesis, spermatids are haploid
but nonmotile
Spermiogenesis spermatids lose excess
cytoplasm and form a tail, becoming sperm
Sperm have three major regions
Head contains DNA and has a helmetlike
acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that
allow the sperm to penetrate and enter the egg
Midpiece contains mitochondria spiraled
around the tail filaments
Tail a typical flagellum produced by a centriole

Spermiogenesis
Spermatid spermatozoan

Spermiogenesis
Spermatid spermatozoan
Head

Nucleus
Acrosome (lysosome)

Midpiece

Base of tail
Mitochondria

Tail

Long flagellum

SPERM STRUCTURE

Sertoli Cells
Elongated supporting cells with base
at basal lamina and apex near lumen
of seminiferous tubule
Lateral processes surround
spermatogonia and spermatocytes
Nucleus euchromatic with distinct
nucleolus
Form blood testis barrier
Connected by gap junctions

Sustentacular cells
2 Sertoli cells with
associated
spermatogenesis cells.

Interstitial Tissue
Between seminiferous tubules are
vessels, nerves, fibroblasts and other
connective tissue cells
After puberty Leydig cells
differentiate (testosterone producing
cells)
Leydig cells are eosinophilic and have
lots of SER and mitochondria with
tubular cristae

Seminiferous Tubule
Stratified epithelium (since
spermatozoa line the lumenal
surface, this epithelium is just called
stratified), 150-250 m dia, 30-70
cm long; over 250 m in each testis
End of each seminiferous tubule
changes to cuboidal epithelium of
tubuli recti, leading to rete testis,
efferent ducts and then epididymis

Tubuli Recti
Short segment of duct at end of
seminiferous tubule
Lined by Sertoli cells that change to
cuboidal epithelial cells at ends
High glycogen amount in some species
Connective tissue sheath

Rete Testis
Branched network of channels lined
with cuboidal epithelium
Some cells ciliated
Surrounded by connective tissue of
mediastinum

Efferent Ducts
Tubules with nonciliated cuboidal cells
alternating with ciliated columnar cells
giving a scalloped look to epithelium
Nonciliated cells absorb fluids secreted
by seminiferous tubule cells
Beating of cilia helps sperm movement
Thin layer of smooth muscle outside
epithelium
Lead to epididymis

Duktus eferentes

Ductus Epididymis 1
Highly coiled tube 4-6 m long
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
with stereocilia
Rounded basal cells and columnar
principal cells on a basal lamina
Thin connective tissue layer with
underlaying smooth muscle
Outer layer of connective tissue and
vessels

Ductus Epididymis 2
Columnar principal cells have stereocilia
which are non-motile
Secretions thought to preserve sperm
function
Phagocytosis of residual bodies
released during spermatogenesis
Smooth muscle contractions for
peristalsis to move sperm through

Ductus (Vas) Deferens

Straight tube from epididymis to prostatic
urethra
Narrow lumen with thick smooth muscle layer
Epithelium is pseudostratified columnar with
stereocilia
Lamina propria with connective tissue and
vessels
Smooth muscle layer has inner longitudinal,
middle circular and outer longitudinal layers
Part of spermatic cord
Dilated region, ampulla, just before junction
with prostatic urethra

Ductus deferens
Microscopic
anatomy
Pseudostratified
epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis

Inner longitudinal
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal

Duktus Deferens

Ductus Deferens and Ejaculatory

Duct
Runs from the epididymis through the
inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity
Its terminus expands to form the ampulla
and then joins the duct of the seminal
vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct
Propels sperm from the epididymis to the
urethra
Vasectomy cutting and ligating the ductus
deferens, which is a nearly 100% effective
form of birth control

Accessory Glands: Seminal Vesicles

Lie on the posterior wall of the bladder
and secrete 60% of the volume of semen
Semen viscous alkaline fluid containing
fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulating
enzyme (vesiculase), and prostaglandins
Join the ductus deferens to form the
ejaculatory duct
Sperm and seminal fluid mix in the
ejaculatory duct and enter the prostatic
urethra during ejaculation

Accessory Glands: Prostate Gland

Doughnut-shaped gland that encircles part
of the urethra inferior to the bladder
Its milky, slightly acid fluid, which
contains citrate, enzymes, and prostatespecific antigen (PSA), accounts for onethird of the semen volume
Plays a role in the activation of sperm
Enters the prostatic urethra during
ejaculation

Prostate 1
30-50 branched tubuloacinar glands with
ducts leading to prostatic urethra
Epithelium is simple columnar or
pseudostratified columnar
Tubuloacina glands surrounded by
fibromuscular stroma and smooth muscle
Prostatic fluid stored for release during
ejaculation

Prostate 2
Secretions include amylase, proteases,
acid phosphatase and lipids
Past age 40 glands hypertrophy which
can lead to urethral blockage or cancer
Prostatic concretions found in gland
lumens increase with age, function
unknown

Glandula prostat

Bulbourethral (Cowpers) Glands

Tubuloacinar glands with simple
cuboidal mucous cells and ducts joining
just after prostate
Gland acini surrounded by smooth
muscle
Secretion is clear mucous released
during sexual arousal for lubrication

The Penis
A copulatory organ designed to deliver
sperm into the female reproductive
tract
Consists of an attached root and a free
shaft that ends in the glans penis
Prepuce, or foreskin cuff of skin
covering the distal end of the penis
Circumcision surgical removal of the
foreskin after birth

Penis 1
3 cylindrical masses of highly
vascularized erectile tissue

2 corpora cavernosa are dorsal

1 corpus spongiosum is ventral and
surrounds urethra

Urethra
Surrounding connective tissue
Outer covering of skin

Penis 2
Erectile tissue consists of venous
spaces lined by unfenestrated
endothelium and separated by septa of
connective tissue and smooth muscle
Blood flows into venous spaces during
erection and smooth muscle contraction
slows outflow of blood

Male Sexual Response

Erection is initiated by sexual stimuli
including:
Touch and mechanical stimulation of the
penis
Erotic sights, sounds, and smells

Erection can be induced or inhibited

solely by emotional or higher mental
activity
Impotence inability to attain erection

Ejaculation
The propulsion of semen from the male
duct system
At ejaculation, sympathetic nerves serving
the genital organs cause:
Reproductive ducts and accessory organs to
contract and empty their contents
The bladder sphincter muscle to constrict,
preventing the expulsion of urine
Bulbospongiosus muscles to undergo a rapid
series of contractions
Propulsion of semen from the urethra

Semen
Milky white, sticky mixture of sperm and
accessory gland secretions
Provides a transport medium and nutrients
(fructose), protects and activates sperm, and
facilitates their movement
Prostaglandins in semen:

Decrease the viscosity of mucus in the cervix

Stimulate reverse peristalsis in the uterus
Facilitate the movement of sperm through the
female reproductive tract

Urethra
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
(nonciliated) through most
In the glans (distal urethra) it is
stratified squamous
Mucous glands of Littre found along
urethra in lamina propria and
subepithelial connective tissue

The Scrotum
Sac of skin and superficial fascia that
hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity
at the root of the penis
Contains paired testicles separated by
a midline septum
Its external positioning keeps the
testes 3C lower than core body
temperature (needed for sperm
production)

The Scrotum
Intrascrotal temperature is kept
constant by two sets of muscles:

Dartos smooth muscle that wrinkles

scrotal skin
Cremaster bands of skeletal muscle that
elevate the testes

The Scrotum