CLINICAL

MICROSCOP
Y
PREGNANCY TEST

PREGNANCY

is a term used for a

laboratory
examination for
the confirmation of
early normal
pregnancy,
evaluation of
abnormal
pregnancy and the
study of
trophoblastic
diseases. All
pregnancy tests
were designed to
measure or detect
humn chorionic
gonadotropin
(HCG), a hormone
produced by viable
placental tissue.

PREGNANCY KIT

Negative: Only one color

band appears on the
control
region.
No
apparent band on the test
region. This indicates that
no pregnancy has been
detected.
Positive: Distinct color
bands appear on the
control and test regions.
Presence of both test line
and control line indicate
that you are pregnant.
The color intensity of the
test bands may vary since
different
stages
of
pregnancy have different
concentrations of HCG
hormone.
NOTE: A positive test
line
will
appear
directly
below
the
control line on the
same test surface (or
'result window' area).
Any line or accumulation
of color/dye that appears
at the juncture between
test components should
not be mistaken for "test
line" (this is only the
source of the test reagent
& dye).

HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN

is ahormone produced
by the
syncytiotrophoblast, a
component of the
fertilized egg,
afterconception.
Following
implantation,
thesyncytiotrophoblast
gives rise to
theplacenta. Some
cancerous tumors
produce this hormone;
therefore, elevated
levels measured when
the patient is not
pregnant can lead to a
cancer diagnosis.
However, it is not
known whether this
production is a
contributing cause or
an effect
oftumorigenesis. The
pituitary analogue of
hCG, known
asluteinizing
hormone(LH), is
produced in
thepituitary gland of
males and females of
all ages.

BIOLOGICAL
PREGNANCY TESTS
1.

Ascheim-Zondek Test

2.

Friedmanns Test

3.

Hoffmanns Test

4.

Rat Ovarian Hyperemia Tests

a) Frank-Berman Test
b) Kelso Test
c) Kupperman Test

5.

Frog Test
a)
Female Frog Test or Hogbens Test
b) Male Frog Test or Galli Mainini Test

ASCHEIM-ZONDEK TEST

a test formerly
used especially
to determine
human
pregnancy in its
early stages on
the basis of the
effect of a
subcutaneous
injection of the
patient's urine
on the ovaries of
an immature
female mouse.

ASCHEIM-ZONDEK TEST
Materials:
1. 24-hour urine
2. 5 immature female white mice (7-10 gms. in
weight & 18-23 days old) Alkaline must be
acidified with glacial acetic acid (few drops).
This is done because the hormone is active if the
urine is acidic.
*Urine not tested right away are preserved in a
refrigerator.

ASCHEIM-ZONDEK TEST

1.

2.
3.

Procedure:
Inject 0.4 mL of urine to each of the 5 mice
subcutaneously, three times daily for two days.
Total dose is 2.4 mL.
Kill the mice 100-120 hrs after the first
injection using ether.
Autopsy the mice-preventing the escape of blood
to the abdominal cavity since it will affect the
coloring of the real effect.

ASCHEIM-ZONDEK TEST
Positive result shows
enlargement of the every
2-3x of the normal size of
ovary is pinhead.

Others: Yellowish spots, the

corpura lutea while the red
spots are the corpura
hemorraghica, swelling or
hyperemia of uuterus and
premature opening of vaginal
canal.

FRIEDMANNS TEST/HOFFMANS TEST

The "rabbit test"

refers to the late
1920s method of
injecting a
woman's urine
into a female
rabbit to test for
pregnancy. Within
several days of
doing the rabbit
test, the rabbit's
ovaries will show
changes if the
woman is
pregnant. The
changes occur due
to the presence of
human chorionic
gonadotropin (
hCG), which is a h
ormone that occurs
in the
uterus when a woma
n's egg is fertili
zed.

FRIEDMANNS TEST/HOFFMANS
TEST
Materials:
1. 15-20 cc of urine
2. Female rabbit (virgin rabbit)
3. Weight over 4 pounds and more than 16 weeks
old.
.Procedure:
1. Inject 15 cc. of urine into the vein of the
marginal ear of the rabbit.
2. Kill the rabbit after 30-48 hrs after injection.

FRIEDMANNS TEST/HOFFMANS
TEST
Positive: Ovaries are full,
Yellowish spots or
corpura lutea.

1-6 or more corpura

hemorrhagica (red spots
projections at the surface
of the ovary.

RAT OVARIAN HYPEREMIA TEST

The rat ovary

hyperemia reaction
has been used as the
basis of a rapid
pregnancy test, since
it is the earliest
demonstrable
reaction to chorionic
gonadotropin. This
procedure was
suggested by the well
known synergistic
effect of certain
anterior pituitary
extracts in
augmenting the
ovarian resposes of
corpora
hemorrhagica and
lutea formation when
used in conjunction
with chorionic
gonadotropin and the
requirement of an
anterior pituitary
prohormone by
chorionic
gonadotropin in order
to evoke these

A. FRANK BERMAN TEST

Materials:
1. 20 cc centrifuged urine.
2. 2 immature female rats (50 gms, 3-6 weeks old)
.Procedure:
1. Inject subcutaneously 5 cc of urine into each of 2
immature female rats. Space injection at least 4
hours apart.
2. Sacrifice animal by illuminating gas 16-24 hrs
after first injection.
3. Dissect out ovaries and examine grossly with
the naked eye.

B. KELSO TEST
Materials:
1. Urine about 5 mL.
2. Female virgin rat-30-65 gms and 3-6 weeks old.
.Procedure:
1. Inject 4 mL of urine subcutaneously into the
rat.
2. After a period of 24 hrs, the animal is killed.
3. An abdominal incision is made and the ovaries
are examined.

C. KUPPERMAN TEST
Materials:
1. 5 mL urine
2. Female virgin rat-22-40 days old and 30-65 gms.
.Procedure:
1. Inject 4 mL of urine intraperitoneally to the rat.
2. After a period of 2-24 hrs, the rat is killed.
3. Examine for ovarian hyperemia for positive
result.

RAT OVARIAN HYPEREMIA TEST

Positive: Ovary is
enlarged and is entirely
reddened.

Ovary is enlarged and

bloody.

FROG TEST

The test
involved
injecting female
frogs with urine
from pregnant
women and
waiting a few
hours to see
whether the
frogs had
ovulated and
extruded eggs,
their response
to the presence
of the
pregnancy
hormone,
human
chorionic
gonadotropin.
The test was
accurate and
simple to
perform. By the
1940s, it was
widely used in
hospitals.

A. HOGBENS TEST (FEMALE FROG)

Materials:
1. Female frog (Xenopus laevis and South African
clawed frog)
2. Syringe and hypodermic needle, gauge 22.
3. Alcohol and water.
4. Tissue paper.
5. About 20 cc of first morning urine.
. Procecure:
1. Inject 2 cc. of urine into the muscle of the thigh,
then towards the dorsal lymph sac subcutaneously.
2. Set the frog aside for 8-12 hrs. Dont feed the frogs
during the test.

B. GALLI MAININI TEST (MALE

FROG)

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Materials:
Male frog (Rana vittegera, Rana pepien green
grass frog, Rana clamitans, Bufo americanus, Bufo
bufo.
Syringe and hypodermic needle gauge 22.
Capillary pipet.
Tissue paper.
Alcohol and water.
Microscope.
Slides.
About 20 cc. of first morning urine or 8 cc. of whole
blood if serum is used.

B. GALLI MAININI TEST (MALE

FROG)

1.

2.
3.
4.

Procedure:
Examine the frog before use for presence of spermatozoa.
Extract urine from cloaca by inserting the tip of capillary
pipet and place a few drops on a glass slide and examine
under the low power objective of the microscope. Do not
use frogs which are positive for sperm cells.
If the frog is negative for sperm cells, then use it for the
test.
Inject 2 cc. of urine into the muscle of the thigh and then
to the dorsal lymph sac subcutaneously.
Set the frog aside for 30 mins. Then examine the urine of
the frog for sperm cells. If negative, do the next
examination after 1 hr then after 1 hr and a half and so
on until 2 hrs if still negative.

FROG TEST
Female: Extrusion of eggs
8-12 hrs after injection.

Male: Presence of sperm

cells in the urine of the
frog (Banana shaped)

IMMUNOLOGIC
PREGNANCY TEST
1.

2.

3.

Hemagglutinationinhibition (HAI) Pregnancy

Test
a) Gravindex Slide Test for Pregnancy
b) UCG Test
c) Pregnosticon Test
d) Prepurex Test
e) HCG Test
f)
Dence Pregnancy Test
Latex Agglutination-inhibition (LAI) Pregnancy
Test
Direct Latex Agglutination (DLA) Tests
a) DAP Test

HEMAGGLUTINATION-INHIITION (HAI)

a general term
for tests for
detection of
increased
human
chorionic
gonadotropin
in plasma or
urine by
immunologic
techniques
including latex
particle
agglutination,
hemagglutinat
ion inhibition,
radioimmunoa
ssay,
radioreceptor
assays, and
enzyme
immunoassays
.

GRAVINDEX

Is
anagglutinationi
nhibition test
performed on
aurine sampleto
detect
pregnancy. It is
based on
doubleantigena
ntibodyreaction.
The test detects
the prevention of
agglutination
ofHCGcoatedlatexparti
cles by HCG
present in the
urine of pregnant
women.

Rabbi
t
Antiserum
containing antiHCG antibodies

LATEX AGGLUTINATION (LIA)

HCG

latex
agglutination test
is a laboratory
method to check
for
certainantibodie
sorantigensin a
variety of bodily
fluids including
saliva, urine,
cerebrospinal
fluid, or blood.

RESULTS:

Positive:
shown by
agglutination
Negative:
shown by no
agglutination

CHEMICAL
PREGNANCY TEST
1.
2.

Prenandiol Test
Iodine or Lugols Reaction Test

PRENANDIOL TEST: A TEST FOR PROGESTERONE IN THE

PREGNANT WOMANS URINE. IT IS A COLOR REACTION TEST.
IODINE/LUGOLS REACTION TEST: TO TEST THE PRESENCE
OF EPINEPHRINE SUBSTANCE IN PREGNANT URINE.
NEGATIVE: Amber color

POSITIVE: Deep orange

to Dark brown color

PRENANDIOL TEST

Prenandiol is an inactive product that forms

when the body breaks down the hormone
progesterone.
A test can be done to measure the amount of
prenandiol in urine.
The urine test offers an indirect way to measure
progesterone levels in the body.

How the Test Is Performed?

A

24-hour urine sample is needed.

Normal Results

Normal values in women vary depending on when the

test is done.

Levels rise consistently during pregnancy and range

from 40 milligrams to 100 milligrams in 24 hours.

Lower levels are found during certain phases of the

menstrual cycle and after menopause.

CLINICIAN
PREGNANCY
TEST
1.
2.
3.

Prostigmen withdrawal Bleeding

Test
Skin Colostrum Test
Primodos Oral

PROSTIGMEN WITHDRAWAL
BLEEDING TEST
Historically, it has been used
as a test for early pregnancy. In
a non-pregnant female whose
menstrual period is delayed,
administration of prostigmen
can provoke menstrual bleeding.

PREGNANCY

GROUP 2 (ME3-O)
Tabag, Nikkilynn M.
Trinidad, Hazelle N.
Perez, Ma. Luisa
Corpuz, Gilbert
Lozada, Josel

Guys eto lang nakayanan kowala ako mahanap na mga

pictures..ang gawin nlng ntin flow chart..atxka positive & negative
result nlng oarang yung gnwa ko sa may LIA at yung sa chemical
preg test.
Pag may mggwa pa ako ishashare ko nlng..dmi ko pa din kasi
ggwinang hndi nlng nmn tapos jan yung clinicin test at yung
biological.
Ilagay nyu nlng din name nyu hathanks