TOPIC 3 : SHEAR FORCE,

BENDING MOMENT OF
STATICALLY DETERMINATE
BEAMS

At

the end of , (Shear Forces and

Bending Moments) students should be
able to:
Produce free body diagrams of determinate
beams (CO3:PO1)
Calculate all support reactions, shear forces
and bending moments at any section
required, including the internal forces
(CO3:PO1)
Write the relations of loads, shear forces and
bending moments (CO3:PO1)

LEARNING OUTCOMES

BEAM
Beam

is a long & thin structure that is

responsible to transfer the transverse load
As the beam transfer the load, the beam
will be deflected in the direction of the load

SOME EXAMPLES OF BEAM

FLOOR BEAM CONSTRUCTION

CRANE BEAM

A steel bridge under construction

beam is called as determinate beam

when satisfies the following degrees of
indeterminancy equation;
DOI = reactions - 3 =0

When the beam is statically

determinate, the external and
internal
forces
of
the
beam
can
be
Definition of Statically
analysed
using
the
statics
Determinate Beam

Types of Supports
There

are three basic types of coplanar

supports: Pinned support
Resist forces in both horizontal and vertical
directions, but not resist any rotations of the beam

Roller support
Similar as pinned support but it cannot resist
forces either in horizontal OR vertical direction

Fixed support/Built-in support

Resist forces in both horizontal and vertical
directions, and any rotation of the beam

PINNED SUPPORT

ROLLER SUPPORT

Rigid

Joint

Exert forces in both horizontal(axial or normal

force) and vertical forces (shear force ) and
resist any rotations of the beam (bending
moments)

Cable Joint
Exert forces in its axis only (axial or normal
force)
Hinge Joint
Exerts forces in both horizontal (axial or normal
force) and vertical force (shear force) directions

Types of Joints

RIGID JOINTS

HINGED SUPPORT

SIMPLY SUPPORTED
BEAM

TYPES OF BEAM

CANTILEVER /BUILT-IN BEAM

OVERHANGING BEAM

FIXED BEAM

CONTINOUS BEAM

Concentrated

Load

Knife

load
Uniformly distributed load
Varying Linearly Distributed Load
Triangular Load

Load Types

-the most useful aids for solving a statics problem

-is a graphic, symbolic representation of the body (structure,
element or piece of an element) with all connecting "parts"
removed.
-The "parts" which have been removed are all of the real physical
aspects of the structure.
-The body is represented by a simple line.
-Every "part" which has been removed is replaced by the external
forces representing the internal forces present where that "part"
connects with the other member in the FBD.
- Loads, distributed or concentrated, are removed and replaced
with representational force systems

INTRODUCTION TO THE FREE

BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)

EXAMPLE OF FBD FOR

STRUCTURES

FBD EXTERNAL FORCES

FBD-INTERNAL FORCES

THE IMPORTANCE OF SHEAR

FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT
x

Ax

Ay

By
L

Applying Fy = 0 , (upwards direction +ve)

Ay P + By =0
Fx = 0 (right direction +ve)
Ax = 0

x
Ax

A
y
Ay

Taking

C
By
L

moment at C; Mc = 0 (clockwise

+ve)
Ay(y) + P(x-y) By (L-y) = 0

Introducing point c at distance y

Cut the beam at distance just

before load P, say at point C
P

Ax

By

Ay

L
M

V
Ax

P
B

A
y

Ay

C
x-y

L-x

By

For

section AC;
Fy = 0; Ay V = 0; V = Ay
Fx = 0; Ax = 0
Mc = 0; -M +Ay (y) = 0; M = y Ay

Applying statics for both

sections

For

section CB;
Fy = 0; V P + By = 0; V = P By
Fx

= 0;

Mc

= 0; M +P(x-y) By ( x-y + L x)

=0;

M = By(L-y) - P(x-y)

For

section AC; V = Ay

For

section CB; V = P By

Ay = P- By OR
Ay P + By = 0 = Fy = 0

EQUATE V FROM BOTH

SECTIONS

For

section AC; M = y Ay

For

section CB; M = By(L-y) + P(x-y)

yAy = By(L-y) - p(x-y) OR

yAy +p(x-y) By(L-y) = 0 = Mc =0

EQUATE M FROM BOTH

SECTIONS

= A force needed to be add at the cut

section to balance the force in the vertical
direction (SHEAR FORCE)

= A force needed to be add at the cut

section to balance the rotational
movement of the beam (BENDING
MOMENT)

CONCLUSION

INTERNAL FORCES & SIGN CONVENTION

There are 3 internal forces acting at any point of
a beam;
Axial force, N
Shear force, V
Bending moment, MW kN/m
M

V
M

N
V

INTERNAL FORCES AT POINT X

W kN/m
M

dx

w
V
M

N+
dN
V + dV

M +dM

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOAD, SHEAR

FORCE AND BENDINGdx
MOMENT

small element of width dx is under

applied UDL load (w kN/m) and internal
couple (M) due to external loads.
On the left side of the element, internal
forces (N, V, M) are acting to the left,
while the incremental internal forces (N+
dN, V+ dV, M + dM) are acting to the right
side of similar element

DERIVATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP

BEGINS

Due to equilibrium of the element,

Fx = 0 , Fy = 0, M = 0

Taking moment at the centre of the

element (X),
Mx = 0;
M + V (dx/2) + (V + dV) (dx/2) (M
+dM) = 0 .(eqn 2.1)
w
V
M

dx

N+
dN
V + dV

M +dM

Simplfying equation 2.1 ,

V = dM/dx eqn (2.2)
Using vertical force equilbrium, Fy = 0
V wdx (V+dV) = 0
w = - dV/dx eqn (2.3)

Manipulating eqn 2.2 and 2.3 yields

w = -d2M/dwx2 .......eqn (2.4)
From calculus, when differential form is
equated to a zero value, the problem is
considered to find max/min value

Several important findings

When

eqn (2.2) is equate to zero, then we

want to find the max/min value of M when
V=0
dM/dx is actually a measurement of graph
gradient, therefore in order to find the
shear force value, it is simply by finding
the bending moment gradient.
By finding the gradient of shear force,
dV/dx, the intensity of the UDL, w, can be
calculated

The increase in bending moment between

two sections is given by the area of the
Vshear force between two section

Area bounded by
line x =a to x =b,
is obtained by
finding
dM/dx dx = V dx
x= a

x=b

dM/dx dx = V dx
dM
= V dx
Mb Ma = V dx

The

decrease in shear force between two

sections is given by the area of the applied
force diagram between these sections

w = - dV/dx , by rearranging gives

dV/dx = -w
Integrating twice eqn 2.4, yields the
following
Ma Mb = ( w dx ) dx

INFLECTION POINTS
The

points where the bending moment

magnitude equals to zero
-35 kNm

-35 kNm

First
Inflection
point

23.79
kNm

Second
Inflection
point

Inflection point tells the designer where is

the location of bending moment
magnitude changes from +ve to ve or
vice-versa along the beam span

EXAMPLES
Execute

the following computations for the

examples: Reactions at the supports
Write the equations of shear force and bending
moment of each sections
Draw the shear force and bending moment
diagram
Compute the magnitude of max. shear force
and its location
Compute the magnitude of max. bending
moment and its location
Compute the location of inflection points

L
A simply supported beam is supported at A by pinned support and
B by rollers. A uniformly distributed load of p kN/m is acting
transversely on the beam span, L m.

Q1

Solution Q1
Draw

the FBD of the beam with its reactions

P kN/m

A
x
Ay

By
L

Using equilibrium equations;

MA = 0 (clockwise positive)

p(L) (L/2) By(L) = 0

By
= pL/2 kN(positive)
Fy = 0 (positive upwards direction)
Ay pL + By = 0
Ay = pL By = pL pL/2 = pL/2 kN
(positive)
Fx = 0
Ax = 0 kN

The free body diagram with its reactions

magnitude and directions
P kN/m
Ax =0

Ay =pL/2

By = pL/2

To write the shear force equations, label the distance from

the left support to the just before right support as x meter.
Separate the beam from its right support and the FBD with
its internal shear force diagram, V

P kN/m
Ax =0
x
Ay =pL/2

By = pL/2

P kN/m

Ax =0
x
Ay =pL/2

Free body
diagram with
external &
internal shear
force

To find the shear force equation, use Fy

=0 assuming upward forces to be positive
+pL/2 px -V = 0
V = pL/2 -px

To write the bending moment equations, label the distance

from the left support to the just before right support as x
meter. Separate the beam from its right support and the FBD
with its internal bending moment, M

P kN/m
Ax =0
x
Ay =pL/2

By = pL/2

P kN/m

Ax =0
x
Ay =pL/2

0< x < Lm
M

Free body
diagram with
external &
internal
bending
moment

To find the bending moment equation, use

Mx =0 assuming clockwise direction to be
positive
+pL/2(x) px(x/2) -M = 0
M = pL/2x- px2/2

V = pL/2 -px
Applying the above equation at left and
right support,
x = 0 m, V = pL/2 p(0) = pL/2 kN
x= L m, V = pL/2 p(L) = -pL/2 kN

Drawing shear force diagram

pL/2

SHEAR FORCE
DIAGRAM

-pL/2

Maximum shear force =

pL/2 kN

M = pL/2x- px2/2
Applying the above equation at left and
right support,
x = 0 m, M = pL/2(0)- p(0)2/2 = 0 kN
x= L m, M = p(L)/2 (L)- p(L)2/2 = 0 kN

Drawing bending moment

diagram

pL/2

V=0

Max Bending moment

SHEAR FORCE
DIAGRAM

-pL/2

When V =0, the moment will be

maximum at that location.
But at which location of x?

To find the location x that maximize the

M, find dM/dx = 0;
M = pL/2x- px2/2
dM/dx = pL/2- px = 0
x = L/2 m
Mmax = pL/2 (L/2) - p(L/2)2/2 = pL2/8
kNm

BENDING MOMENT
DIAGRAM
L/2 m

0 kNm

0 kNm

pL2/8

M1

M2
w
kN/m
B

Lm
M1 = 35 kNm, M2 = 40 kNm, w = 10 kN/m , L
=7m

Q2

 Draw the FBD of the beam with its

reactions
M1 =35
kNm

M2 = 40 kNm
w = 10
kN/m

Ax

Ay

L = 7m

Using equilibrium equations;

Solution
Q2
MA = 0 (clockwise
positive)

By

40 35 + 10(7) (7/2) By(7) = 0

By = 35.71 kN
Fy = 0 (positive upwards direction)
Ay -10(7) + By =0
Ay = 70- By = 70-35.71
Ay = 34.29 kN
Fx = 0
Ax = 0 kN

The free body diagram with its reactions

magnitude and directions

35
kNm

10 kN/m

40
kNm

Ax =0 kN

Ay = 34.29 kN

By = 35.71 kN

To write the shear force equations, label the distance from

the left support to the just before right support as x meter.
Separate the beam from its right support and the FBD with
its internal shear force diagram, V

M1 =35
kNm

M2 = 40 kNm

10 kN/m

Ax =0
x
Ay =34.29
kN

By = 35.71 kN
0< x < 7 m

10 kN/m
M1 =35
kNm
Ax =0
x
Ay =34.29

Free body
diagram with
external &
internal shear
force

To find the shear force equation, use Fy

=0 assuming upward forces to be positive
+34.29 10x -V = 0
V = 34.29 10x

To write the bending moment equations, label the distance

from the left support to the just before right support as x
meter. Separate the beam from its right support and the FBD
with its internal bending moment, M

M1 =35
kNm

M2 = 40 kNm

P kN/m

Ax =0
x
Ay =34.29
kN

By = 35.71 kN

P kN/m
M1 =35
kNm
Ax =0
x
Ay =34.29

0< x < Lm
M

Free body
diagram with
external &
internal
bending
moment

To find the bending moment equation, use

Mx =0 assuming clockwise direction to be
positive
-35 +34.29x 10x(x/2) -M = 0
M = -5x2 +34.29x -35

V = 34.29 10x
Applying the above equation at left and
right support,
x = 0 m, V = 34.29-10(0) = 34.29 kN
x= 7 m, V = 34.29 10(7) = -35.71 kN

Drawing shear force diagram

34.29 kN

SHEAR FORCE
DIAGRAM

Maximum shear force =

35.71 kN

-35.71
kN

M = -5x2 +34.29x -35

Applying the above equation at left and right
support,
x = 0 m, M0 = -5(0)2 +34.29(0) -35 = -35 kN
x= 7 m, M7 = -5(7)2 +34.29(7) -35 = -39.97
-40 kN

Drawing bending moment

diagram

34.29 kN

V=0

Max Bending moment

SHEAR FORCE
DIAGRAM

-35.71
kN

When V =0, the moment will be

maximum at that location.
But at which location of x?

To find the location x that maximize the

M, find dM/dx = 0;
M = -5x2 +34.29x -35
dM/dx = -10x +34.29 = 0
x = 3.43 m
Mmax = -5(3.43)2 +34.29(3.43)-35 =
23.79 kNm

BENDING MOMENT
DIAGRAM

-35 kNm

23.79
kNm
3.43 m

-40 kNm

Finding inflection point

Inflection point is the locations where the
value of bending moment is zero.
M = 0 kNm
M = -5x2 +34.29x -35= 0
Solve quadratically the above equation
yields
x =1.25 m or 5.61 m

BENDING MOMENT
DIAGRAM
-35 kNm

1.25 m

-40 kNm

23.79
kNm
5.61 m

Inflection points

P kN
B

L/2 m

Q3

L/2 m

 Draw the FBD of the beam with its

reactions
P kN
Ax

By
Ay

L/2 m

L/2 m

Using
equilibrium
equations;
Solution Q3

Solution Q3

MA = 0 (clockwise positive)

P(L/2) By(L) = 0
By
= P/2 kN(positive)
Fy = 0 (positive upwards direction)
Ay P + By = 0
Ay = P By = P P/2 = P/2 kN (positive)
Fx = 0
Ax = 0 kN

The free body diagram with its reactions

magnitude and directions
P kN
Ax =0

Ay =P/2

By = P/2

To write the shear force equations, label the distance from

the left support to the just before the point load P as x
meter (0< x< L/2) . Separate the beam from its right
support and the FBD with its internal shear force diagram, V

P kN
Ax =0
x
Ay =P/2

Ax =0
x
Ay =P/2

By = P/2

Free body
diagram with
external &
internal shear
force
V

To find the shear force equation, use Fy

=0 assuming upward forces to be positive
+P/2 -V = 0
V = P/2
P kN
Ax =0
Ay =P/2
L/2

P/2

By = P/2

Shear force diagram

for 0<x < L/2

To write the shear force equations, label the distance from

the left support to the just after the point load P as x
meter (L/2< x< L) . Separate the beam from its right
support and the FBD with its internal shear force diagram, V

P kN
Ax =0
x
Ay =P/2

By = P/2

P kN

Free body
diagram with
external &
internal shear
force

Ax =0
x
Ay =P/2

To find the shear force equation, use Fy

=0 assuming upward forces to be positive
+P/2 P -V = 0
V = -P/2
P kN
Ax =0
Ay =P/2
L/2

By = P/2

Shear force diagram

-P/2 for L/2<x < L

P kN
Ax =0
Ay =P/2

By = P/2
L/2

P/2

COMPLETE SHEAR FORCE

-P/2
DIAGRAM

To write the bending moment equations, label the distance

from the left support to the just before right support as x
(0< x < L/2). Separate the beam from its right support and
the FBD with its internal bending moment, M

P kN
Ax =0
x
Ay =P/2

By = P/2

M
Ax =0
x
Ay =P/2

Free body
diagram with
external &
internal shear
force

To find the bending moment equation, use Mx

=0, assuming clockwise direction to be positive
+ P/2(x) -M = 0
M = P/2 x
P kN
Ax =0
Ay =P/2
L/2

By = P/2

PL/4

Bending moment
diagram for 0<x <
L/2

To write the bending force equations, label the distance from the
left support to the just after the point load P as x meter (L/2<
x< L) . Separate the beam from its right support and the FBD with
its internal bending moment diagram, M

P kN
Ax =0
x
Ay =P/2

By = P/2

P kN
Ax =0
x
Ay =P/2

Free body
diagram with
external &
internal
bending
moment

To find the bending moment equation, use Mx

=0, assuming clockwise direction to be positive
+ P/2(x)- P( x- L/2) -M = 0
M = P/2 x P(x-L/2) = -P/2x + PL/2
P kN
Ax =0
Ay =P/2
L/2

By = P/2

PL/4

Bending moment
diagram for L/2<x <
L

COMPLETE BENDING MOMENT

DIAGRAM
P kN
Ax =0
Ay =P/2

By = P/2
L/2

PL/4

W
kN/m

L/2 m

Q4

L/2 m

 Draw the FBD of the beam with its

reactions

W
kN/m

Ax

By
Ay

L/2 m

L/2 m

Using
equilibrium
equations;
Solution Q4

Solution Q4

MA = 0 (clockwise positive)

(W)(L)(2/3 L) By(L) = 0
By
= WL/3 kN(positive)
Fy = 0 (positive upwards direction)
Ay WL + By = 0
Ay = WL WL/3 = WL/6 kN (positive)
Fx = 0
Ax = 0 kN

The free body diagram with its reactions

magnitude and directions
W kN/m

Ax =0
Ay =
WL/6

By
=WL/3
Lm

To write the shear force equations, label the distance from

the left support to the just before the triangular load w as
x meter (0< x< L) . Separate the beam from its right
support and the FBD with its internal shear force diagram, V
w

Ax =0

Ay =WL/6

By = WL/3
Wx/
L

Ax =0

V
x
Ay =WL/6

Free body
diagram with
external &
internal shear
force

To find the shear force equation, use Fy

=0 assuming upward forces to be positive
WL/6 (Wx/L) (x) V = 0
V = WL/6 -1/2W/Lx2
w

Ax =0
Ay =WL/6

WL/6

By = WL/3
Location o
f max mom
ent

Shear force diagram

for L/2<x < L
-WL/3

To write the bending moment equations, label the distance

from the left support to the just before the triangular load w
as x meter (0< x< L) . Separate the beam from its right
support and the FBD with its internal shear force diagram, V
w

Ax =0

Ay =WL/6

By = WL/3
Wx/
L
M

Ax =0
x
Ay =WL/6

Free body
diagram with
external &
internal shear
force

To find the bending moment equation, use Mx

=0, assuming clockwise direction to be positive
+ WL/6 (x) (1/2W/L x)(x)(x/3) -M = 0
M = WL/6 x 1/6 W/Lx3
w

Ax =0
Ay =WL/6

By = WL/3

Mmax

To obtain Mmax
In

order to find Mmax, we find x values

when dM/dx = 0
M = WL/6 x 1/6 W/Lx3
dM/dx = WL/6 W/Lx2 = 0
x = L/sqrt(3) = 0.577L
Therefore, Mmax = WL/6(0.577L)
1/6W/L(0.577L)3 =0.06415 WL2

THE BENDING MOMENT

DIAGRAM
w

Ax =0
Ay =WL/6

By = WL/3

0.577L

Mmax = 0.06415 WL2

Q5
W2 kN/m

W1 kN/m
B

 Draw the FBD of the beam with its

reactions

W2 kN/m

W1 kN/m
Ax

By
Ay

Lm

Using
equilibrium
equations;
Solution Q4

Solution Q4

MA = 0 (clockwise positive)

(W2-W1)
kN/m

Try

W1 kN/m

to solve it in Tutorial. Remember to

combine of triangle load and udl concept

Q5
0.3 m
40 kN
15 kN/m
A

4.3 m

3m

5m

SOLUTION

Draw the FBD of the beam with its

reactions
0.3 m
40 kN
M

15 kN/m

Ax

C
Ay
4.3 m

3m

5m

0.3 m
40 kN
40(0.3) =12
kNm
40 kN
40(0.3) =12
kNm

40(0.3) =12
kNm
M

40 kN

40(0.3) =12
kNm
40 kN

Ax

15 kN/m

Ay
4.3 m

3m

5m

SOLVE THIS INSIDE CLASS TOGETHER

WITH STUDENTS

BENDING & SHEAR STRESSES IN

SYMMETRICAL BEAM

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this lecture, students should
be able to:
Write the formula of pure bending and
flexural theory (CO3:PO1)
Identify the plane of symmetry
(CO3:PO1)
Apply the flexural formula in bending of
determinate beams problems(CO3:PO1)
Produce the shearing stress distribution
diagram of the given problem (CO3:PO1)

Introduction
Axial Stress (tension and compression) and the Shear Stress
(vertical and horizontal) which develop in a loaded beam
depend on the values of the Bending Moments and the Shear
Forces in the beam. Determining the axial stress - which is
often known as the Bending Stress in a beam; and
determining the shear stress - often called the Horizontal
Shear Stress (for reasons we will discuss) is important in two
ways. First, it will enable us to determine if a particular loaded
beam is safe under the applied loading. Second, it will enable
us to select the best beam (from a table of beams) for a
particular loading. Both of these are very important processes
for the safety and efficiency of a beam.

BENDING & SHEAR STRESSES

IN SYMMETRICAL BEAM

BENDING STRESS
We will first develop a relationship for the
bending stress which develops in a loaded
beam. This relationship is known as the
Flexure Formula.

A simply supported beam loaded at

the center. It deflects (or bends) under
the load

Left end section of the beam

When

examining
bending moments,
horizontal forces act on the cross sectional
face of the beam section
Shown only the horizontal forces along the
top and bottom in Diagram 2a, but the
forces act across the whole cross section as
shown in the side view in Diagram 2b. The
horizontal forces decrease from maximum
at the outer edges to zero at the neutral
axis (an axis running through the centroid
of beam cross section).

Derivation of flexure formula

The expression for the bending moment is simply the sum of the
forces times the perpendicular distance to the neutral axis,

Noting that the horizontal forces and

accompanying
stresses
increase
linearly from zero at the neutral axis
to a maximum value at an outer

M ymax /I
At

any point, = My/I

General Bending Stress

Distribution Diagram
Compression
Tension

max (C) = M
y1/Ixx
y
1
x

x
y
2

max (T) = M
y2/Ixx

Sagging & Hogging moment effect

Positive bending moment = Sagging
to
the nature of stress
moment

Negative

moment

bending moment = Hogging

T

Example 1

SOLUTION
a)

Free

body diagram of the beam

25 kN/m

40
kN

10
kNm

Ax
Cy

Ay
6m

2m

Taking the moment about point A,

Ma = 0 (clockwise rotation +ve)
25(8)(8/2) +40(6) -10 Cy(8) = 0;
Cy
= 128.75 kN (|)
Fx =0 (to the right +ve)
Ax = 0 kN
Fy = 0 (upwards +ve)
Ay -25(8) -40 +128.75 = 0
Ay = 111.25 kN (|)

25 kN/m

40
kN

10
kNm

Cy = 128.75
kN

Ay =111.25
kN
6m

2m

Final Free Body Diagram

b)

40
kN

25 kN/m

Ay =111.25
kN
6m

2
10
kNm

Cy = 128.75
2 kN

1
2m

Cut two sections at 1-1 & 2-2

i) Section 1-1 ( 0 < x < 6)
Fy = 0
111.25 -25x V = 0 ; V = 111.25
25x

M=0
111.25 x 25 x (x/2) M =0
M = 111.25 x 12.5x2

Section 2-2 ( 6 < x < 8)

Fy = 0
111.25 25x -40 V = 0
V = 71.25 25 x
M = 0
111.25x 25 x (x/2) 40(x-6) M =0
M = -12.5x2 +71.25 x +240

40
kN

25 kN/m

10
kNm

Cy = 128.75
kN

Ay =111.25
kN
2m

6m

111.25

Shear force
diagram
x
78.7
5

Mmax

38.7
5

217.
5

-128.75

Bending moment
10 diagram

To determine Mmax, consider M equation on

range of 0<x < 6 m
M = 111.25 x 12.5x2
dM/dx = 0
111.25 25 x = 0
x = 111.25/25 =4.45 m
Therefore Mmax = 111.25(4.45)
-12.5(4.45)2
= 247.53 kNm

c)
Before
determine
the
maximum
compressive & tensile, compute the centroid
of the given beam section

Compute the centroid of

section

A1 = 60(20) =1200
mm2
A2 = 20(100) = 2000
mm2
A3 = 20(100) = 2000

Compute

and

x1 = 20 + (60/2)
x2 = 40 + (20/2)
x3 = (100/2)

= 50 mm
= 50 mm
= 50 mm

y1 = 20 + 100 +(20/2)
y2mm
= 20 + (100/2)
y3 = (20/2)

= 130
= 70 mm
= 10 mm

y
50

60.7
7

Compute moment of inertia of the section

and using theorem of parallel axis;
Ix =

= 12. 85 X 106 mm4

The maximum bending moment = 247.53

kNm (sagging moment)
Top fiber will experiences maximum bending
compressive stress
max comp = Mmax yTOP / I = 247.53 x 106 x
(140-60.77) / 12.85 x 106
= 1526.2
N/mm2
Bottom fiber will experiences maximum
bending tensile stress
max

tension

= Mmax yBOT / I = 247.53 x 106 x

60.77/ 12.85 x 106 = 1170.6 N/mm2

60.7
7

79.2
3

-1526.2 N/mm2

BENDING STRESS DISTRIBUTION

DIAGRAM
1170.6 N/mm
2

In addition to the bending (axial) stress which develops

in a loaded beam, there is also a shear stress which
develops, including both a Vertical Shear Stress, and
a Horizontal (longitudinal) Shear Stress. It can be
shown that at any given point in the beam, the
values of vertical shear stress and the horizontal shear
stress must be equal, at that point, for static
equilibrium. As a result it is usual to discuss and
calculate the horizontal shear stress in a beam (and
simply remember that the vertical shearing stress is
equal in value to the horizontal shear stress at any
given point).We will take a moment to derive the
formula for the Horizontal Shear Stress. In Diagram 1,
we have shown a simply supported loaded beam.

SHEAR STRESS

In Diagram 2a, we have cut a section dx long out of

the left end of the beam, and have shown the
internal horizontal forces acting on the section.

In Diagram 2b, we have shown a side view of section dx. Notice

that the bending moment is larger on the right hand face of the
section by an amount dM. (This is clear if we make the bending
moment diagram for the beam, in which we see the bending
moment increases from a value of zero at the left end to a
maximum at the center of the beam.)

In Diagram 2c, we have shown a top slice of section dx. Since the
forces are different between the top of the section and the
bottom of the section (less at the bottom) there is a differential
(shearing) force which tries to shear the section, shown in
Diagram 2c, horizontally. This means there is a shear stress on
the section, and in terms of the shear stress, the differential
shearing force, F, can be written as F = times the longitudinal
area of the section (b dx). A second way of expressing the shear
force is by expressing the forces in terms of the bending stress,
that is F1 = (My/I) dA, and F2 = (M+dM)y/I dA, then the
differential force is (dM y/I)dA. If we now combine the two F =
expressions, we have:

F = * b dx = (dM y/I)dA, and then rewriting

to solve for the shear stress:
= [(dM/dx)/Ib] y dA,
However dM/dx is equal to the shear force V
(as discussed in the previous topic),
and y dA is the first moment of the area of the
section, and may be written as A y',
where A is the area of the section and y' is the
distance from the centroid of the area A to the
neutral axis of the beam cross section.

Rewriting in a final form we have:

Horizontal Shear Stress:
= VAy'/Ib, where
V = Shear force at location along the beam where we wish to find from the horizontal shear stress
A = cross sectional area, from point where we wish to find the shear stress at, to an outer edge of the
beam cross section (top or bottom)
y' = distance from neutral axis to the centroid of the area A.
I = moment of inertia for the beam cross section.
b = width of the beam at the point we wish to determine the shear stress.

SHEAR RESISTANCE
IMPORTANTCE

Distribution of Shear Stress

Consider the gray rectangular element

=VA
b)

a
h/2
y
h

/(I

3 V/(2bh)

Shear Stress Distribution

Across Rectangular
Section

SOLUTION
40
kN

25 kN/m

10
kNm

Cy = 128.75
kN

Ay =111.25
kN
2m

6m

111.25

Shear force
diagram
x
78.7
5

38.7
5

-128.75

Max shear force, Vmax = 128.75 kN

Section properties
Ixx = 12. 85 X 106 mm4
y
50

79.23
x

60.7
7

y
Determine

for each flanged and web

section

Horizontal Shear Stress at A (flange)

= (60)(20)(79.23 -20/2) =83076 mm3
79.2
6
4
Ixx = 12. 85 X 10 mm
3

b = 60
mm
Vmax , = V= 128.75 kN = 128.75 x 103 N

= 13.87 N/mm2

Horizontal Shear Stress at A (web)

41.62 N/mm2

Horizontal Shear Stress At the Neutral Axis inside

web section
= (60)(20)(79.23-20/2) +(20)(79.23-20)((79.23-20)/2)
= 118157.93 mm3
Ixx = 12. 85 X 106 mm4
79.2
b = 20
3
mm
Vmax , = V= 128.75 kN = 128.75 x 103 N

= 59.19 N/mm2

Horizontal Shear Stress at B (flange)

= (100)(20)(60.77 -20/2) =101540 mm3
Ixx = 12. 85 X 106 mm4
b = 100 mm
Vmax , = V= 128.75 kN = 128.75 x 103 N

= 10.17
N/mm2

Horizontal Shear Stress at B (web)

= (100)(20)(60.77 -20/2) =101540 mm3
Ixx = 12. 85 X 106 mm4
b = 20 mm
Vmax , = V= 128.75 kN = 128.75 x 103 N

= 50.88
N/mm2

Horizontal Shear Stress At the Neutral Axis inside

web section
= (100)(20)(60.77-20/2) +(20)(60.77-20)((60.77-20)/2)
= 118157.93 mm3
Ixx = 12. 85 X 106 mm4
b = 20
mm
Vmax , = V= 128.75 kN = 128.75 x 103 N

= 59.19 N/mm2

13.87

41.62
59.19

10.17

50.88

SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION ACROSS SECTION

HEIGHT
Maximum Shear stress = 59.19
N/mm2

EXAMPLE 2

Solution

1
2

a) By taking O as origin
means that we have to
establish one horizontal
axis & one vertical axis
that intersect at point O

Find the area of rect. 1

&
2
A1 = 24(150-24) = 3024 mm2
A2 = 24(100)

= 2400 mm2

Compute

and

x1 = 50 mm
x2 = 50 mm

y1 = 24 + (150-24)/2
y2 = 24/2

= 87 mm
= 12 mm

y
50

53.8
1

b) Second moment of inertia

y
50

53.8
1

Ix
x+

= 9.558 x 106 mm4 = 9.558 x 10-6

m4

c) Magnitude of w

Free Body Diagram

w

Mb
Bx

B
By

-Mb + w(4)(4/2)=0
Mb = 8w kNm

4m

By 4w = 0
By = 4w kN

Shear force and bending moment equation

8w
C

B
4w

4w wx V =0 ; V = 4w -wx

-8w+4wx wx(x/2) M= 0; M =
-8w+4wx-wx2/2

Bending moment and shear force diagram

w

8w

B
4w

4m

4w
V

8w

From the question, the maximum TENSILE

stress AT THE TOP EDGE = 20 MN/m2
= 20 x 106 N/m2

Since the maximum moment = -8 w

kNm (hogging moment) => TOP EDGE
experience tensile stress
=> y = 150-53.81 =96.19 mm = 96.19
X 10-3 m
From bending stress formula;
20 x 10
-6
x10
w

> 8w (96.19 x 10-3)/9.558

< 248.41 kN/m

d) The maximum shear stress

50

From the shear force

diagram,

53.8
1

Shear force at support

= 4w = 4(248.41) =
993.66 kN

= 993.66 x 103 x 696.939 x 103/(9.558 x

6
10
x 24) N/mm2
=3018.94

TOPIC 3:
STATICALLY
DETERMINATE BEAMS

DEFLECTION OF
BEAMS

At the end of this lecture (Deflection of

Beam), students should be able to:
compute

using the the fundamental

of integration method for beam
deflection (CO3:PO1)
Compute the deflection using
Macaulays method (CO3:PO1)

LEARNING OUTCOMES

When a beam with a straight longitudinal axis is loaded by lateral forces, the axis
is deformed into a curve, called the deflection curve of the beam. Deflection is the
displacement in the y direction of any point on the axis of the beam. See Figure 5.1
below.
P
A

y
A

DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

x
B

Deflection of Beams Contd.

The

calculation of deflections is an important

part of structural analysis and design.
Deflections are essential for example in the
analysis of statically indeterminate structures
and in dynamic analysis, as when
investigating the vibration of aircraft or
response of buildings to earthquakes.

Deflections are sometimes calculated in

order to verify that they are within tolerable
limits.

RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
LOADING,
SHEAR
FORCE,
BENDING
MOMENT,
SLOPE
AND
DEFLECTION.
Consider a beam AB which is initially horizontal when unloaded. If it deflects to
a new position A B under load, the slope at any point C is:
i = dy/dx

Basic Differential Equation For

Deflection
This is usually very small in practice, and for small curvatures:
ds = dx = R di (Figure 5.2).
di/dx =
But

1/R

i = dy/dx

Therefore: d2y/dx2 = 1/R

.. (1)

Now from simple bending theory: M/I = E/R

1/R = M/EI
Therefore substituting in equation (1):
M = E I d2y/dx2

(2)

This is the basic differential equation for the deflection of beams.

Direct Integration Method

Direct Integration Method

Contd.
In

Some cases, it is not convenient to

commence the integration procedure
with the bending moment equation
since this may be difficult to obtain. In
such cases, it is often more convenient
to commence with the equation for the
loading at the general point XX of the
beam. A typical example follows:

Macaulays Method
The Macaulays method involves
the general method of obtaining
slopes and deflections (i.e.
integrating the equation for M)
will still apply provided that the
term, W (x a) is integrated
with respect to (x a) and not
x.

Example of Using Macaulays

Method for Concentrated
loads

Example Contd.

Using Macaulays Method to Solve the Situation of Simply Supported Beam

with Concentrated Load
x
W

W/2

x
L/2
x

Mx = W/2 x - W [x L/2]
E I d2y/dx2 = W/2 x - W [x L/2]
E I dy/dx = W/4 x2 - W [x L/2]2 + A
2
EIy =

W x3 12

W [x L/2]3 + A x + B
6

W/2

Boundary Conditions
At x = 0 , y = 0

i.e. B = 0

At x = 0, y = 0
i.e. 0 =

0 = =

WL3
12
WL3
12

W L3 + AL
48

A = WL2 - WL2
48
12
EIy =

W [L L/2]3 + AL
6

= - WL2
16

W x3 12

W [x L/2]3
6

- WL2 x
16

Ymax occurs at x = L/2

i.e. E I y = W

[L3)

12
Y max =

- W L3
48 EI

- WL2 [L]
16

Macaulays Method for u.d.l.s

Example: Determine the deflection of the beam at x = 3 (middle of Beam) if E =
210 kN mm-2. The Cross-Section is given as below.

50 mm

x
15kN

5 kN/m

10
10
x

1m

RA = 36kN

5m

RB =9 kN

Taking Moment about B: 15 x 6 - 5 RA + (5 x 6 ) x 3 = 0

RA = 36 kN
RB = 15 + (5 x 6) - 36 = 9 kN
EI d2y/dx2 = - 15 x + 36 [x 1 ] - 5 x2/2
EI dy/dx = - 15/2 x2 + 36/2 [x 1]2 5/6 x3 + A
E I y = - 15/6 x3 + 36/6 [x 1]3 - 5/24 x4 + A x + B
EI y = - 2.5 x3 + 6 [x-1]3 - 0.2083 x4 + A x + B

80

Boundary Conditions

At x = 1, y = 0
i.e. 0 = - 2.5 - 0.21 + A + B
i.e. A + B = 2.5 + 0.2083 = 2.71 .. (1)
Also: At x = 6, y = 0
i.e. 0 = - 540 + 750 - 272.16 + 6 A + B
i.e . 6A + B = 60 ------------- (2)
From Equations (1) and (2), A = 11.45 and B = - 8.75
i.e. E I y = - 2.5 x3 + 6 [x 1]3 - 0.2083 x4 + 11.46 x - 8.75
At x = 3 , EI y = (- 2.5 x 27) + 48 - 16.87 + 34.38 - 8.75
= - 10.74

Solution Concluded
Moment of Inertia of given section about the neutral axis

L
50 x 10
= 2M
N 12

500 x

O
10 x 80
45 P
Q 12
2

2.46 x10 6 m 4

10.74 kNm 3
10.74 kNm 3
y

E I
210 x 10 6 kN / m 2 x 2.46 x10 6 m 4
= 0.02079 m = 20.79 mm

Two Special Cases

TWO SPECIAL CASES
CASE 1: Uniform Load Not Starting from the Beginning
x
15 kN

5 kN/m

RA = 30.5 kN

RB

1m
5m

Taking Moment about B: 15 x 6 - 5 RA + 5 x 5 x 2.5 = 0

RA = 30.5 kN
RB = 15 + 25 - 30.5 = 9.5 kN
EI d2y/dx2 = - 15 x + 30.5 [x - 1] - 5 [x 1] . [x 1]
2
EI d2y/dx2 = - 15 x + 30.5 [x - 1] - 5 [x 1]2
2
EI dy/dx = - 15/2 x2 + 30.5/2
EI y = - 15/6 x3 + 30.5/6

[x - 1]2 -

[x - 1]3 -

5 [x 1]3
6

+ A

5 [x 1]4 + A x + B
24

Solution of Case 1 Concluded

Boundary Conditions
At x = 1, y = 0 i.e. 0 = - 2.5 + A + B
i.e. A + B = 2.5

and 6A + 6B = 15 . (1)

At x = 6, y = 0
i.e. 0 = - 540 + 635.42 - 130.21 + 6A + B
i.e. 6 A + B = 34.79 .. (2)
From Equations (1) and (2): A = 6.46 and B = - 3.96
i.e. EI y = - 2.5 x3 + 5.083 [x - 1]3 6.46 x - 3.96

0.2083 [x 1]4 +

At x = 3 (mid-span)
E I y = - 67.5 + 40.66 - 3.33 + 19.38 - 3.96 = - 14.75 kN m3

14.75 kNm 3
14.75 kNm 3

E I
210 x 10 6 kN / m 2 x 2.46 x 10 6

= 28.55 mm

m4

15 kN

1m

5 kN/m

RA

RB
4m
1m

Taking Moment about B: 15 x 6 - 5 RA + 5 x 4 x 3 = 0

Case 2: Uniform Load Not

Since the 5 kN/m load End
did not reach
[x - 1] does not represent the
reaching
ofthe end,
Beam
RA = 30 kN
RB = 15 + (5 x 4 ) - 30 = 5 kN

actual loading.

Solution to Case 2 Contd.

Loading is equivalent to:
15 kN5 kN/m

1m

RA

RB
4m
1m

EI d2y/dx2 = - 15 x + 30 [x - 1] - 5 [x 1] . [x 1]
2
EI d2y/dx2 = - 15 x + 30 [x - 1] - 5 [x 1]2
2

+ 5 [x 5] 2
2

EI dy/dx = - 15/2 x2 + 15 [x - 1]2 - 5 [x 1]3

6
EI dy/dx = - 15/6 x3 + 5 [x - 1]3

Continue as usual to obtain y at 3 m.

+ 5 [x 5] [x 5]
2

- 5 [x 1]4
24

+ 5 [x 5] 3 + A
6
+ 5 [x 5] 4 + A
24