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Combination
Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Fundamental Principle of Counting
2.1 Product Rule
2.2 Addition Rule
3. Permutations Introduced
4. Special Cases of Permutations
5. Geometrical arrangements
6. Combinations
7. Grouping & Distribution
8. Example Questions
9. Practice Questions
1. Introduction:
Permutations and Combinations is one of the
most logical phenomenon of mathematics wherein there
are no formulae to mug up. Rather, it tests your ability
to understand the problem and interpret the situation
logically. It is more of application of common sense.
That is why you will see that most questions can be
solved without actually knowing the techniques of
permutations and combinations.
Great news, isnt it?
Example:
A tricolor flag is to be formed having three
horizontal strips of three different colors. 5 colors
are available. How many differently designed flags
can be prepared?
Solution:
First strip can be coloured in 5 ways, second
strip can be coloured in any of the remaining 4
colors, and the third strip can be coloured in any of
the remaining 3 colors.
Hence, we can get 5x4x3 = 60 differently designed
flags.
3. Permutations Introduced
The arrangements of a given number of things taking some or
all of them at a time are called permutations.
For example, the permutations of three alphabets x, y, z taken two at
a time are xy, xz, yx, yz, zx, zy.
A point to be noted is that arrangement or order is very
important in permutations. Hence xy is distinctly different from yx.
If r things are taken at a time out of a total of n things,
then the total number of permutations is denoted by nPr.
Pr =n!/(n-r)!
Now you will ask why is this so. Lets clear this.
First object can be selected in n ways. Second
object can be selected in (n-1) ways. Third object can be
selected in (n-2) ways. Similarly the rth object can be
selected in (n-(r-1)) = (n-r+1) ways.
Therefore the total number of ways of arranging
these r objects
= n x (n-1) x (n-2) x (n-3) x x (n-r+1)
={n x (n-1) x (n-2) x (n-r+1) x (n-r) x (n-r-1)
x.3 x 2 x 1} / {(n-r) x (n-r-1) x..x 1}
= n! / (n-r)!
Hence, nPr = n! / (n-r)!
Example 1:
There are 4 boxes. Find the total number of
arrangements if we can arrange only 2 boxes at a time.
Solution:
Out of 4 boxes, we are arranging 2 at a time.
So total number of arrangements possible is
4P = 4! / (4-2)! = 4! / 2! = 4x3x2x1 / 21 = 12
2
Let us verify. Let us name the boxes A, B, C, D.
Total number of arrangements possible are AB, BC, CD,
BA, BC, BD, CA, CB, CD, DA, DB, DC.
Permutations of n different things taken r at a time
= nPr = n! / (n-r)!
Example 2:
In the above example, what if all the 4 boxes are
selected at a time? How many arrangements are
possible then?
Solution:
Total no. of arrangements possible
= 4P4 = 4! / (4-4)! = 4! / 0! = 4! = 4x3x2x1 = 24.
Permutations of n different things taken all at a
time = nPn = n!
Example 3:
If out of the 4 boxes, one particular box should
always be selected; then how many arrangements are
possible if 3 boxes are selected at a time?
Solution:
Since one box should always be selected we have to
select 3-1 boxes out of 4-1 boxes.
This can be done in 3P2 = 3! / (3-2)! = 3! / 1! = 3x2x1 / 1
= 6 arrangements.
With each of these 6 arrangements our preselected box
can be arranged in 36 = 18 ways.
Wondering how?
Example 4:
How many arrangements are possible if out of the 4 boxes A, B,
C and D one particular box D is never selected, taken 2 at a time?
Solution:
Since D is never to be selected, we have to take into account A, B
and C.
We can arrange A, B and C taken 2 at a time in 3P2 = 3! / (3-2)! =
3! / 1! = 3x2x1 / 1 = 6 ways. i.e. AB, AC, BA, BC, CA, CB.
So when one particular item is never chosen, we just ignore it and
treat the problem as if that particular item is not present in the total
number of items.
Shortcut Tip:
We know that nPr = n! / (n-r)!
Let us say we have to find out 12P3.
12P = 12! / (12-3)! = 12! / 9!
3
= 12x11x10x..x1 9x8x7x1 = 12x11x10 =1320
Instead of writing out so much, the moment you
see 12P3 you should know that you have to multiply 3
numbers.
Starting from 12, we take in 3 numbers in the
descending order and multiply them out.
Learn to get into the habit of writing 12P3 =12x11x10
straightaway.
This helps in faster calculation.
Example: 5
In in how many ways can the letters of the word WATER be arranged so
that we have a new pattern every time?
Solution:
This is permutation of n different things taken all at a time which is
equal to n!
Hence, total number of different arrangements possible is 5! =120.
Another way to look at it is we have 5 places to be occupied by 5
different letters.
The 1st place can be filled by any of the 5 letters, hence 5 ways. The
2nd place can be filled by any one of the remaining 4 letters as one letter
has already been fixed at the first place, hence 4 ways. Similarly, the 3rd
place can be filled in 3 ways and the 2nd in 2 ways. The 5th place can be
filled in only one way as there is no choice but to fill it by the remaining
1 letter.
So going by the product rule, this can be done in 5x4x3x2x1 = 120
ways.
Example 6:
In how many ways can the letters of the word
COMMITTEE can be arranged
i. using all the letters
ii. if all the vowels are together
Solution:
i. Total letters = 9 and identical letters are 2M 2T and 2E.
So total no. of arrangements = 9! / 2!2!2!
ii. Since all vowels must appear together we consider them
as one unit. There are 4 vowels- O I E E. So now we have 6
letters. Out of these we have 2M and 2T. These 6 letters can
be arranged in 6! / 2! 2! ways.
In the group of 4 vowels, the 4 vowels can arrange
themselves in 4!/2! ways.
So total no. of words formed = 6!/2! 2! X 4!/2!
Example 7:
How many numbers of 5 digits can be formed with
the digits 0,1,2,3,4
i. if the digits cannot repeat themselves
ii. if the digits can repeat themselves
Solution:
i. The 1st place (ten-thousandth place) can assume
only non-zero digits. Hence it can be occupied in 4
ways. The 2nd place can be occupied by any of the
remaining 4 digits, i.e. 4 ways. Similarly, the 3rd,
4th and 5th place in 3, 2 and 1 ways respectively.
Total no. of numbers formed = 4x4x3x2x1 = 96
Example 8:
How many different four letter words can be formed (the words need not be
meaningful) using the letters of the word MEDITERRANEAN such that the first
letter is E and the last letter is R?
Solution:
MEDITERRANEAN is 13-letter word.
We have to make 4 letter words that start with an 'E' and end with 'R'.
Therefore, we have to find two more letters from the remaining 11 letters.
Of the 11 letters, there are 2 Ns, 2Es and 2As and one each of the remaining 5
letters.
The second and third positions can either have two different letters or can have
both as same letters.
Case 1: When the two letters are different
One has to choose two different letters from the 8 available different choices.
This can be done in 8 * 7 = 56 ways.
Case 2: When the two letters are same
There are 3 options - the two letters can be Ns or Es or As. Therefore, 3 ways.
Total number of possibilities = 56 + 3 = 59
5. Geometrical arrangements:
Circular permutation:
Sitting in a circle is not the same as sitting
in a straight line. A circle does not have any
starting point or ending point. Thus in a circular
permutation, one thing is kept fixed and the
others are then arranged relative to this fixed
item. Then it is treated like a linear arrangement.
The number of circular permutations of n
different things taken all at a time = (n-1)!
6. Combinations:
Difference between Permutations and
Combinations:
Suppose there are 3 bags (A,B and C) in my home
and I want to select any 2 out of them to take with
me on my holiday. In how many ways can I make
the selection?
Clearly I select either AB or BC or AC i.e. 3
ways.
An important point to note is that we are talking
about selection and not order here. Obviously
whether I select AB or BA makes no difference.
Definition of Combinations:
Combinations is the selection of some or all of a
total of n number of things.
If out of n things we have to select r things
(1rn), then the number of combinations is
denoted by nCr = n!/r!(n-r)!
Combinations does not deal with the
arrangements of the selected things. This explains
division by r! which denotes the arrangement of
the selected r things.
Example 9:
In a class there are 6 boys and 5 girls. In
how many ways can a committee of 2 boys and 2
girls be formed?
Solution:
2 boys can be selected out of 6 in 6C2 ways.
2 girls can be selected out of 5 in 5C2 ways.
So the selection can be made in 6C2 x 5C2 ways.
(Product Rule: and stands for multiplication)
Example 10:
In a class there are 6 boys and 5 girls. A committee of 4 is to be
selected such that it contains at least 1 boy and 1 girl.
Solution:
There are 3 different possibilities nowi. 1 boy and 3 girls
ii. 2 boys and 2 girls
iii. 3 boys and 1 girl
In the 1st possibility, total number of combinations = 6C1 x 5C3
In the 2nd possibility, total number of combinations = 6C2 x 5C2
In the 3rd possibility, total number of combinations = 6C3 x 5C1
But only one of the above possibilities will occur; 1st OR 2nd
OR 3rd.
So the total number of required combinations is 6C1 x 5C3 +
6C x 5C + 6 C x 5C
2
2
3
1
Restricted Combination:
The number of combinations of n different
things taken r at a time subject to restriction that p
particular things i) will never occur = n-pCr
ii) will always occur = n-pCr-p
Number of ways of selecting one or more things
from a group of n distinct things = nC1 + nC2 + nC3 +
+ nCn = 2n 1 .
Number of ways of selecting zero or more things
from a group of n distinct things
= nC0 + nC1 + nC2 + nC3 + + nCn = 2n
8. Example Questions
Example 11:
Find the number of even natural numbers which have 3
digits.
(a)450
(b) 900
(c) 500
(d) 499
Solution:
100th place can be filled only by 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 i.e 9
ways as 0 cannot come in that place.
10th place can be occupied by any of the digits from 0
to 9 i.e 10 ways.( as there is no bar on repeating the digits)
Units place can be filled up by one of 0,2,4,6,8 as the
numbers formed have to be even. i.e 5 ways.
Thus there are 9*10*5= 450 even 3 digit numbers
Example 12:
Find the number of ways in which the letters of
the word EPIDEMIC can be arranged?
(a)10080
(b) 0
(c) 1080 (d)958
Solution:
The word EPIDEMIC has 8 letters with 2 E's,
and 2 I's. So the possible number of words =
8!/2!.2!= 8!/4= 10080
Example 13:
7 students are to be accommodated in 5 chairs in
a row so that each chair has only one student and
the shortest student is definitely accommodated
in one chair. How many arrangements are
possible?
(a) 1600 (b) 2400 (c) 1800 (d) 2000
Solution:
Here n= 7, r= 5, So, the number of possible
arrangements = 5 71 ! /75 ! = 5 6 !/ 2 ! =
5654321/21 = 1800
Example 14:
In how many ways can a committee of 3 men and 2 ladies
be appointed from 6 men and 4 ladies?
(a) 60
(b) 120
(c) 240
(d) 180
Solution:
Number of ways of selecting 3 men out of 6 men = 6C3
Number of ways of selecting 2 ladies out of 4 ladies = 4C2
So the number of ways of forming the committee =
6C . 4C = 20*6 = 120
3
2
Example 15:
There are 6 boys and 4 girls in a class. In how many ways can
they be seated in a row so that no 2 girls are together?
(a)720
(b) 604800 (c) 52000
(d) 820
Solution:
Let the 6 boys be 1st seated in a row with space between them
as shown.
( S- space, B- boys)
S1 B1 S2 B2 S3 B3 S4 B4 S5 B5 S6 B6 S7
The boys can be seated in 6! Ways.
As no 2 girls are to be together, they have to be seated in 7
spaces between the boys.
There are thus 7 spaces to seat the 4 girls.
This can be done in 7P4 ways.
So the required number of ways to seat the 4 girls and 6 boys
= 6! * 7P4 ways = 604800 ways
9. Practice Questions
7. A college has 10 basketball players. A 5member team and a captain will be selected out
of these 10 players. How many different
selections can be made?
A.1260
B.210
C.10C6 6!
D.10C5 6
Ans: A
Ans: C
Ans: D
20. One red flag, three white flags and two blue
flags are arranged in a line such that: I. No two
adjacent flags are of the same colour and II. The
flags at the two ends of the line are of different
colours. In how many different ways can the
flags be arranged?
A.6
B.4
C.10
D.2
Ans:A
Thank
you