Chapter 1

Lecture
PowerPoint
Introduction to
Human Anatomy &
Physiology

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Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy study of structure
(Greek a cutting up)
Physiology study of function
(Greek relationship to nature)

Structure dictates function.

Levels of Organization
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Subatomic particles

Atom

Organ system

Molecule

Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle

Organism

Cell
Tissue

1.3: Levels of Organization

Chemical
Atoms
made up of
subatomic particles

Molecules
2 or more atoms

Macromolecules
small molecules
joined together

1.3: Levels of Organization

Cellular
Macromolecules
combine to form cells
Basic structural and
functional unit of the
body

1.3: Levels of Organization

Tissue
Group of cells
working together to
perform a function
4 basic types

epithelial (epi)
connective tissue (CT)
muscle (mm)
nerve (n)

1.3: Levels of Organization

Organ
2 or more tissues
joined together with a
specific function and
shape

1.3: Levels of Organization

Systems

Related organs with a

common function
11 systems

Organ Systems
Integumentary system
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Components
skin
hair
glands

Functions
protection
regulates body
temperature
eliminates waste
vitamin D
sensations

Organ Systems
Skeletal system
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Components
Bones
Joints
Cartilage

Functions

Support
Protection
Body movement
Produces blood cells
Stores minerals & fats

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Organ Systems
Muscular system
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Components
skeletal muscles

Functions
body movement
posture
generates heat

11

Organ Systems
Nervous system
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Components

brain
spinal cord
nerves
special sense organs

Functions
action potentials
(nerve impulses)
detects, interprets, and
responds to changes
in environment

12

Organ Systems
Endocrine system
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Components
hormone-producing
glands and cells

Functions
regulates body
activities

13

Organ Systems
Cardiovascular system
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Components
blood
heart
blood vessels

Functions
pumps blood
carries O2 and nutrients to
cells and wastes away
regulates temperature,
acid-base balance, and
H2O
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Organ Systems
Lymphatic system
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Components

lymph fluid & vessels

spleen
thymus
lymph nodes
tonsils

Functions
transports dietary
lipids
protection

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Organ Systems
Respiratory system
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Components

lungs
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchial tree

Functions
exchange of gases
acid-base balance
sound production
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Organ Systems
Digestive system
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Components

mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestines
large intestines
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

Functions
breakdown of food
absorption of food
eliminates wastes

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Organ Systems
Urinary system
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Components

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

Functions
eliminates waste
regulates blood
composition & volume
acid-base balance

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Organ Systems
Reproductive system
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Components
ovaries
testes
associated structures

Functions
produce gametes
hormone regulation of
reproduction
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1.3: Levels of Organization

Organism

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1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)

Movement change in position; motion
Responsiveness reaction to a change
Growth increase in body size; no change in shape
Reproduction production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration obtaining oxygen; removing carbon
dioxide; releasing energy from foods
Differentiation unspecialized to specialized
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Characteristics of Life Continued

Digestion breakdown of food substances into
simpler forms
Absorption passage of substances through membranes
and into body fluids
Circulation movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation changing of absorbed substances
into chemically different forms
Excretion removal of wastes produced by metabolic
reactions

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1.5: Maintenance of Life

Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure

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Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
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Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing
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Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment

physiological normal
dynamic
involves maintaining
the volume and
composition of body
fluids
intracellular (ICF)
extracellular (ECF)
26

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

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components
receptor

monitors changes
input to control
center

control center
evaluates input and
generates output

effector
receives output from
control center
produces a response
27

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

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continually disrupted by internal and

external environments
balance regulated by
nervous
action potentials
rapid

endocrine
hormones
slow
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

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Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.

Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.

Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.

Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.

Response
Body heat is lost to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.

too high

Normal body
temperature
37C (98.6F)

too low

Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.

Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.

Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.

Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.

Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.

Effectors
Muscle
activity
generates
body heat.

If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
Involuntarily.

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

There are two (2) types:
Negative feedback mechanisms
Positive feedback mechanisms

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Negative feedback
summary:
Prevents sudden, severe changes in
the body
Reduces the actions of the effectors
Corrects the set point
Causes opposite of bodily disruption to
occur, i.e. the negative
Limits chaos in the body by creating
stability
Most common type of feedback loop
Examples: body temperature, blood
pressure & glucose regulation

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Positive feedback summary:
Increases (accelerates) the actions of
the body
Produces more instability in the body
Produces more chaos in the body
There are only a few types necessary for
our survival
Positive feedback mechanisms are
short-lived
Controls only infrequent events that do
not require continuous adjustments
Considered to be the uncommon loop
Examples: blood clotting and child birth

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Animation:
Positive and Negative Feedback

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1.6: Organization
of the Human Body
Body cavities
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Cranial cavity

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal
Vertebral canal

Thoracic
cavity

Thoracic cavity

Right pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity

Diaphragm

Mediastinum
Left pleural cavity

Thoracic cavity

Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity

Abdominal
cavity

Abdominopelvic
cavity

Abdominopelvic
cavity

Pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity

(a)

(b)

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Thoracic & Abdominal

Serous Membranes
Visceral layer covers an organ
Parietal layer lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium

Abdominopelvic Membranes
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum

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Thoracic Serous Membranes

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Vertebra

Spinal cord

Plane of
section

Mediastinum

Azygos v.
Aorta

Left lung
Esophagus
Right lung
Rib

Right atrium
of heart

Left ventricle
of heart

Right ventricle
of heart
Visceral pleura

Visceral pericardium

Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura

Anterior

Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium

Sternum

Fibrous pericardium

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Abdominal Serous Membranes

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Spinal cord
Plane of
section

Vertebra
Right kidney

Left
kidney

Aorta
Inferior
vena cava
Pancreas

Spleen
Small intestine

Large
intestine
Liver

Large intestine
Rib

Gallbladder
Duodenum

Costal cartilage

Visceral peritoneum

Stomach

Peritoneal cavity
Parietal peritoneum

Anterior

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1.8: Anatomical Terminology

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Anatomical Position standing

erect, facing forward, upper
limbs at the sides, palms facing
forward and thumbs out

Integumentary system

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Anatomical Terminology:
Orientation and Directional Terms
Terms of Relative Position
(based on anatomical
position):
Superior versus Inferior
Anterior versus Posterior
Medial versus Lateral
Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral
Proximal versus Distal (only in the
extremities)
Superficial versus Deep
Internal versus External

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Body Sections or Planes (3)

Sagittal or Median divides body into left and right portions
Mid-sagittal divides body into equal left and right
portions
Transverse or Horizontal divides body into superior and
inferior portions
Coronal or Frontal divides body into anterior and posterior
portions

40

Body Sections
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Median
(midsagittal)
plane

Parasagittal
plane

Transverse
(horizontal)
plane

A section along the

median plane

A section along a transverse

plane

A section along a frontal

plane

Frontal
(coronal)
plane
McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer

41

Body Sections
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a)

(b)

(c)

a: Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.

42

Other Body Sections

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43

(a)

(b)

(c)

Abdominal Subdivisions (2)

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Right
Epigastric
hypochondriac region
region
Right
lumbar
region

Umbilical
region

Left
hypochondriac
region

Regions (9)

Left
lumbar
region

Right Hypogastric Left

iliac
iliac
region
region
region

(a)

Right upper
Left upper
quadrant (RUQ) quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)

(b)

Quadrants (4)

Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)

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Body Regions
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Cephalic (head)
Otic (ear)
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Axillary (armpit)

Frontal (forehead)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Buccal (cheek)

Sternal

Acromial
(point of shoulder)

Pectoral
(chest)

Vertebral
(spinal column)

Mammary (breast)

Brachial (arm)

Brachial
(arm)
Antecubital
(front of elbow)
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)

Occipital
(back of head)

Mental (chin)

Umbilical
(navel)

Dorsum (back)
Cubital (elbow)

Inguinal
(groin)

Lumbar
(lower back)

Coxal
(hip)

Gluteal (buttocks)

Sacral (between hips)

Perineal

Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)

Femoral (thigh)

Genital
(reproductive organs)

Popliteal (back of knee)

Patellar
(front of knee)
Sural (calf)

Crural (leg)

Tarsal (instep)
Pedal (foot)
(a)

Digital (toe)

Plantar (sole)
(b)

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1.7: Lifespan Changes

Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the
whole-body level.

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