INTRODUCTION

TO
NETWORKING
By
John Abasiene

Introducing Basic Network

Concepts

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OVERVIEW
Introduction to networks.
Need for networks.
Network Standards.
Classification of networks.
Mediums used in networks.
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Basic Introduction
A network consists of two or more
entities or objects sharing resources and
information.
A computer network consists of two or
more computing devices connected to
each other to share resources and
information.
The network becomes a powerful tool
when computers communicate and
share resources with other computers on
the same network or entirely distinct
4 networks.
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Basic Introduction
Computers on a network can act as
a client or a server.
A client is a computer that requests
for resources.
A server is a computer that
controls and provides access to
resources.
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Need for Networks

A computer that operates
independently from other
computers is called a stand-alone
computer.
The process of printing or
transferring data from one system
to another using various storage
devices is called sneakernet.

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Need for Networks

Enhance communication.
Share resources.
Facilitate centralized management.

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Enhance Communication
Computer networks use electronic
mail (e-mail) as the choice for most
of the communication.
By using networks, information can
be sent to a larger audience in an
extremely fast and efficient
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manner.

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Share Resources

A copy of data or application stored at

a single central location is shared over
a network.
Computer peripheral devices, referred
to as additional components, can be
attached to a computer and be shared
in a network.
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Share Resources

Peripheral devices include faxes,

modems, scanners, printers, plotters,
and any other device that connects to
the computers.
Equipment having common
requirements can be shared in order
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to reduce maintenance cost.

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Share Resources

Important data can also be stored

centrally to make it accessible to
users, thereby saving storage space
on individual computers.
Computer applications, which take up
a considerable amount of storage
space, can be installed centrally on
the network, saving storage space.
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Facilitate Centralized
Management
Networks are used to assist in
management tasks associated with
their own operation and
maintenance.
Using networks results in increased
efficiency and a resultant reduction
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in maintenance costs.
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Facilitate Centralized
Management
Software:
Software is a set of instructions or
programs that control the
operation of a computer.
Software can be installed at a
central location using servers,
where the installation files are
made accessible over the
network.
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Classification of Networks
Classification by network
geography.
Classification by component roles.
Classification by topology.
Classification by Transmission
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medium.
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Classification of Networks
Geography
Networks are frequently classified
according to the geographical
boundaries spanned by the
network itself.
LAN, WAN, and MAN are the basic
types of classification, of which
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LAN and WAN are frequently used.

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Classification of Networks
Geography
Local area network (LAN):
A LAN covers a relatively small
area such as a classroom, school,
or a single building.
LANs are inexpensive to install
and also provide higher speeds.

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Classification of Networks
Geography
Metropolitan area network (MAN):
A MAN spans the distance of a
typical metropolitan city.
The cost of installation and
operation is higher.
MANs use high-speed connections
such as fiber optics to achieve
higher speeds.
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Classification of Networks
Geography

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Classification of Networks
Geography
Wide area network (WAN):
WANs span a larger area than a
single city.
These use long distance
telecommunication networks for
connection, thereby increasing
the cost.
The Internet is a good example
of a WAN.
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Classification of Networks
Geography
Luxembur
g
Ede

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New York

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Classification by Components
Roles
Networks can also be classified
according to the roles that the
networked computers play in the
networks operation.
Peer-to-peer and client-server are
the types of roles into which
networks are classified.

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Classification by Components
Roles
Peer-to-peer:

In a peer-to-peer network, all computers are

considered equal.
Each computer controls its own information and is
capable of functioning as either a client or a server
depending upon the requirement.
Peer-to-peer networks are inexpensive and easy to
install.

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They are popular as home networks and for use in

small companies.

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Classification by Components
Roles

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Peer-to-peer (continued):
Most operating systems come
with built-in peer-to-peer
networking capability.
There is a limit to the number of
systems in a peer-to-peer
network.
Each peer shares resources and
allows others open access to
them.

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Classification by Components
Roles

Peer-to-peer (continued):
Peer-to-peer networks become
difficult to manage when more
security is added to resources,
since the users control their
security by password-protecting
shares.
Shares can be document folders,
printers, peripherals, and any
other resource that they control
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on their computers.

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Classification by Components
Roles

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Peer-to-peer
network
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Classification by Components
Roles
Client-Server:
A client-server network offers
centralized control and is
designed for secure operations.
In a client-server network, a
dedicated server controls the
network.

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Classification by Components
Roles
Client-Server(continued):
A dedicated server is one that
services the network by storing
data, applications, resources,
and also provides access to
resources required by the client.
These servers can also control
the networks security from one
centralized location or share it
with other specially configured
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servers.

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Classification by Components
Roles

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Classification by Topology
Four basic types:
Bus Topology.
Ring Topology.
Star Topology
Mesh Topology
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Classification by Topology
Bus Topology :

Coaxial
cable

Simple and low-cost

A single cable called a
trunk (backbone,
segment)
Only one computer
can send messages at
a time
Passive topology computer only listen
for, not regenerate
data

BNC T-Connector

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Network Card

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Classification by Topology
Ring Topology :
Every computer serves as
a repeater to boost signals
Typical way to send data:
Token passing
only the computer who
gets the token can send
data
Disadvantages
Difficult to add computers
More expensive
If one computer fails, whole network fails

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Classification by Topology
Star Topology:
Each computer has a cable connected to a
single point
More cabling, hence higher cost
All signals transmission through the hub; if
down, entire network down
Depending on the intelligence of hub, two or
more computers may send message at the
same time

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Classification by Topology
Mesh Topology:
Each computer (node) is connected to every
other computer (node)
More cabling, hence highest cost
Highest form of fault tolerance; if one node
down, entire network is not down
Used for critical missions e.g during military
warfare

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Classification by Medium
Two categories:
Guided wires, cables
Unguided wireless
transmission, e.g. radio,
microwave, infrared, sound,
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sonar
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Classification by Medium
Guided:
Twisted-Pair cables:
Unshielded Twisted-Pair
(UTP) cables
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)
cables
Coaxial cables
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Fiber-optic cables
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Twisted-Pair Cables
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)
Typically wrapped inside a plastic
cover (for mechanical protection)
A sample UTP cable with 5
unshielded twisted pairs of wires

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Insulator
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Metal

Twisted-Pair Cables
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)
STP cables are similar to UTP
cables, except there is a metal foil
or braided-metal-mesh cover that
encases each pair of insulated
wires

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Twisted-Pair Cables

Categories of UTP Cables

Electronic Industry Alliance(EIA) classifies UTP cables

according to the quality:
Category 1 the lowest quality, only good for
voice
Category 2 good for voice and low data
Category 3 at least 3 twists per foot, for up to 10
Mbps (common in phone networks in residential
buildings)
Category 4 up to 16 Mbps (mainly for token
rings)
Category 5 (or 5e) up to 100 Mbps (common for
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communications)

Twisted-Pair Cables

UTP cable configuration:

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Using the standard Telecommunications

Industry Association/Electronic Industry
Alliance (TIA/EIA568A or B)
We can have a STRAIGHT-THROUGH
cable
A CROSS-OVER cable
A ROLL-OVER cable (console cable)

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Classification by Medium
Coaxial Cables
In general, coaxial cables, or
coax, carry signals of higher freq
(100KHz500MHz) than UTP cables
Outer metallic wrapping serves
both as a shield against noise and
as the second conductor that
completes the circuit

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Classification by Medium
Coaxial Cables
The Coax is further classified as
The Thicknet and the Thinnet.
Thicknet cables are thicker and can
cover up to 500m before
attenuation.
Thinnet are thinner and can cover
up to 200m before attenuation.

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Classification by Medium
Fiber Optic Cables
Afiber optic cableconsists of a
bundle of glass threads, each of
which is capable of transmitting
messages modulated onto light
waves.
Fiber optics has several
advantages over traditional metal
communications lines:Fiber optic
cableshave a much greater
bandwidth than metalcables
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Classification by Medium
Fiber Optic Cables: Two types
Single mode fiber cables
Multimode fiber cables

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Classification by Medium
Advantages of Fiber Optic Cable
Noise resistance external light is
blocked by outer jacket
Less signal attenuation a signal
can run for miles without
regeneration (currently, the lowest
measured loss is about ~4% or
0.16dB per km)
Higher bandwidth currently,
limits on data rates come from the
signal generation/reception
44 technology, not the fiber itself

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Network Standards
Two standards OSI Model (Open System
Interconnection)
TCP/IP Model Transmission Control

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Protocol/Internet Protocol
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Network Standards

OSI Model

Standard "reference model"

created by the International
Organization for Standardization
(ISO)
Describes how hardware and
software interact in the network.
It has seven layers set of functional
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element

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Network Standards

TCP/IP Model

Grew out of research by the U.S.

Department of Defense
TCP defines how applications can
create reliable channels of
communication across such a network.
IP defines how computers can get data
to each other over a routed,
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interconnected set of networks

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Network Standards

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QUESTIONS
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