Chapter 9

Geometry

2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley.

All rights reserved

Chapter 9: Geometry
9.1 Points, Lines, Planes, and Angles
9.2 Curves, Polygons, and Circles
9.3 Perimeter, Area, and Circumference
9.4 The Geometry of Triangles: Congruence,
Similarity, and
the Pythagorean Theorem
9.5 Space Figures, Volume, and Surface Area
9.6 Transformational Geometry
9.7 Non-Euclidean Geometry, Topology, and Networks
9.8 Chaos and Fractal Geometry
2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights
reserved

9-4-2

Chapter 1

Section 9-4
The Geometry of Triangles:
Congruence, Similarity, and the
Pythagorean Theorem
2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights
reserved

9-4-3

The Geometry of Triangles: Congruence,

Similarity, and the Pythagorean Theorem
Congruent Triangles
Similar Triangles
The Pythagorean Theorem

2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights

reserved

9-4-4

Congruent Triangles
Triangles that are both the same size and same
shape are called congruent triangles.
B
E
A

D
F

The corresponding sides are congruent and

corresponding angles have equal measures.
ABC DEF .
Notation:
2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights
reserved

9-4-5

Congruence Properties - SAS

Side-Angle-Side (SAS) If two sides and the
included angle of one triangle are equal,
respectively, to two sides and the included
angle of a second triangle, then the triangles
are congruent.

2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights

reserved

9-4-6

Congruence Properties - ASA

Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) If two angles and
the included side of one triangle are equal,
respectively, to two angles and the included
side of a second triangle, then the triangles
are congruent.

2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights

reserved

9-4-7

Congruence Properties - SSS

Side-Side-Side (SSS) If three sides of one
triangle are equal, respectively, to three sides
of a second triangle, then the triangles are
congruent.

2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights

reserved

9-4-8

Example: Proving Congruence (SAS)

Given:

CE = ED
AE = EB
ACE BDE

Prove:
Proof
STATEMENTS

C
A

B
E
D

REASONS

1. CE = ED

1. Given

2. AE = EB

2. Given

3. R CEA R DEB

3. Vertical Angles are equal

BDE
4. ACE
4. SAS property
2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights
reserved

9-4-9

Example: Proving Congruence (ASA)

Given:

R ADB R CBD
R ABD R CDB
ADB CDB

Prove:
Proof
STATEMENTS

B
A

C
D

REASONS

1. R ADB R CBD 1. Given

2. R ABD R CDB 2. Given
3. DB = DB

3. Reflexive property

4. ADB
4. ASA property
CDBAddison-Wesley.
2008Pearson
All rights
reserved

9-410

Example: Proving Congruence (SSS)

Given:

AD = CD
AB = CB
ABD CDB

Prove:
Proof
STATEMENTS

REASONS

1. AD = CD

1. Given

2. AB = CB

2. Given

3. BD = BD

3. Reflexive property

4. ABD
4. SSS property
CDBAddison-Wesley.
2008Pearson
All rights
reserved

9-411

Important Statements About Isosceles

Triangles
If ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = CB,
and if D is the midpoint of the base AC, then the
B
following properties hold.
1. The base angles A and C are equal.
2. Angles ABD and CBD are equal.
3. Angles ADB and CDB are both right
angles.

2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights

reserved

C
9-412

Similar Triangles
Similar Triangles are pairs of triangles that are
exactly the same shape, but not necessarily the
same size. The following conditions must hold.
1. Corresponding angles must have the same
measure.
2. The ratios of the corresponding sides must be
constant; that is, the corresponding sides are
proportional.
2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights
reserved

9-413

Angle-Angle (AA) Similarity Property

If the measures of two angles of one triangle
are equal to those of two corresponding
angles of a second triangle, then the two
triangles are similar.

2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights

reserved

9-414

Example: Finding Side Length in

Similar Triangles
E 8

ABC is similar to DEF .

Find the length of side DF.

Solution
Set up a proportion with
corresponding sides:
EF DF

BC AC

16

24

D
A

8 DF
Solving, we find that DF = 16.

16 32
2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights
reserved

32

9-415

Pythagorean Theorem
If the two legs of a right triangle have lengths a
and b, and the hypotenuse has length c, then

a 2 b2 c2 .
That is, the sum of the squares of the lengths of
the legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse.
leg a

hypotenuse c

2008 Pearson
leg bAddison-Wesley. All rights
reserved

9-416

Example: Using the Pythagorean

Theorem
Find the length a in the right triangle below.

Solution

39

a
2

a b c

36

a 2 362 392
a 2 1296 1521
a 2 225
a Addison-Wesley.
15
2008 Pearson
All rights
reserved

9-417

Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem

If the sides of lengths a, b, and c, where c is
the length of the longest side, and if
2
2
2
a b c ,
then the triangle is a right triangle.

2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights

reserved

9-418

Example: Applying the Converse of

the Pythagorean Theorem
Is a triangle with sides of length 4, 7, and 8,
a right triangle?

Solution

4 7 8

16 49 64
65 64
No, it is not a right triangle.

2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights

reserved

9-419