Drug

Dependence

How it emerged in the

Philippines

Distance from the primary source of

opium supply
Weather
Population
A mirror image of America
Profit motive
Family problems
Discoveries, explorations and
researchers.

Dangerous Drug Act of

1972

Repealed Article 190-194 of the RPC

Enactment is needed to include and
intensify control on all drugs
deleterious to human beings and to
society as a whole.

Drug

Any substance,
vegetable,
mineral or
animal in origin,
used in the
composition or
preparation of
medicine or any
substance used
as medicine.

Dangerous
drug

Use is attended
by risk
Unsafe, perilous
and hazardous
to people and/or
to society.

Prohibited Drugs

Opium

All preparations
made from any
of the
foregoing.

Indian Hemp

Alpa and Beta

Eucaine
Hallucigenic
drugs

Coca Leaf

Other drugs
with logical
effects of a
narcotic drug

Regulated Drugs

Self seducing sedatives

Any salt, isomer or salt of an isomer, of
amphetamine.
Hypnotic drugs

Drug Dependence
Drug Addiction
Desire or need to
continue taking
drugs
Increasing of dose
Psychological and
physical
dependence
detrimental effect
to society and to
the individual

Drug Habituation
Desire to use the
drug is merely
physical
Little or no
tendency to
increase dose
Dependence is
merely psychical
Detrimental effect
on individualM

Pharmacological Classification
of Dangerous Drugs

Hypnotics
Sedatives and Tranquilizers
Hallucinogens and Psychomimetics
Stimulants
Deliriants and Intoxicants

Hypnotic Drugs

Opium- Poppy plant

Commonly used Opium

Morphine
Heroin
Dionine
Dihydromorphinone
Metaphon
Pantopon
Codeine
Synthetic Preparations

Signs and symptoms

Stage of Excitement
Increase in mental activity, restlessness or

even hallucination
Flushing of the face and increased action
of the heart.

Signs and symptoms

Stage of Stupor
Suddenly becomes quiet
May have headache, giddiness, lethargic

condition and uncontrollable desire to sleep

When asleep, he can be aroused by
external stimuli
Pupils are contracted, face and lips are
cyanosed
There is itching sensation all over the skin
Pulse and respiration are still normal

Signs and symptoms

Stage of Narcosis
The patient passed into a deep coma
He cannot be aroused by external stimuli
Muscles are relaxed and reflexes lost
Skin secretion is completely suspended
Face is pale, lips are livid and there may be drop of the lower jaw
Pupils are contracted to almost a pinpoint and theyre insensible

to light
Conjunctive are injected
The pulse is slow, small and comprehensible
Respiration is slow, labored and stertorous.
Lividity of the face increases and pulse becomes slower, irregular
and imperceptible
Respiration becomes slower and may die of asphyxia
The heart may beat for a while but later stop
Convulsion may occur with the pupils dilated immediately after
death.

Consequences of
Continuous Use of Drug

Development of tolerance to the drug

Physical and moral deterioration
Untruthfulness, dishonesty and mental deterioration
Under influence of drug, he is calm and composed
but becomes restless and irritable when deprived of
the drug
Develop constipation and intercurrent infection, like
tuberculosis
For injection, develop scars and abscesses in the
skin.
Some manifest suicidal tendencies or maniacal
symptoms

Early Presumptive Signs

At Home
Unaccountable change of habit and mode
Loss of appetite and weight
Sudden development of clandestine

friendship especially with elder boys

Personality change
Unexpected discovery of the tablet, capsule
or peculiar smelling cigarette in the home
Unexpected neglect of personal
appearance and hygiene

Early Presumptive Signs

At School
Sudden loss of interest and performance in

studies and other activities

General evasiveness, truancy and problems over
discipline
Unconscious depression and cheerfulness at work
or play over a period should lead to suspicion

At Work
Late- time keeping
Frequent change of occupation
Problem with employer
Failure to settle down

Evidences of Opium
Addiction

Presence of symptoms
History of partaking of drugs
Addict skinny or asthenic
Main liner
Skin popper
Fresh needle puncture marks with underlying hemorrhage
Constriction of pupil in the eyes
Weakness and paleness due to malnutrition
Blood examination
Urine drug testing
Presence or paraphernalia
Withdrawal syndrome develops when deprived of drug

Post- mortem Findings in

Opium Poisoning

Face and fingernails are livid

Froth comes out of both nostrils and mouth
Dark fluid blood is found in the heart and big blood vessels
Trachea is congested and filled with froth
Lungs are engorged, edematous and exudes frothy fluid
Stomach may contain brownish lump of opium mixed with
brownish viscid fluid, if opium was ingested
Odor of opium may be present in the stomach content
There is brain congestion.
Pupils are pinpoint-size
Multiple scars and abscesses along the course of the
superficial veins in the arms and forearms are observed
Chemical examination of the blood shows the presence of
the drug.

Sedatives

Sedatives are central nervous system

depressants, so they slow down the
body's functions. They are usually used
as tranquilizers or sleeping pills to calm
anxiety or cause sleep.
two main types of sedatives are
barbiturates and benzodiazepines.

Signs and Symptoms

In ordinary dose
Sedation without

analgesia
Decrease in mental
acuity
General sluggishness
and slowed speech and
comprehension
Emotional liability
Poor memory and
faulty judgment
Exaggeration of
personal traits

In toxic dose
Lack of muscle control
and double vision
Positive Romberg sign
Respiratory depression
Perceptual time
distortion
Suicidal tendencies
Slurred speech
Toxic psychosis
Coma or death

Withdrawal Symptoms

Anxiety
Involuntary twitching of the muscles
Progressive weakness
Dizziness
Distortion of visual perception
Nausea and vomiting
Insomnia and loss of weight
Precipitated drop of blood pressure on
standing
Convulsion of the grand mal type.

Hallucinogens or
Psychomimetic Drugs

produces psychological effects that are

normally associated only with dreams,
schizophrenia, or religious exaltation.
produces changes in perception, thought,
and feeling, ranging from distortions of what
is sensed (illusions) to sensing objects where
there are none to be sensed (hallucinations).
heighten sensory signals, but this is often
accompanied by loss of control over what is
experienced.

Marijuana

Not addictive
Psychic dependence may occur

Subjective Effects

Sense of relaxation and mild euphoria

A distortion of sense of time, distance, vision and
hearing
A minute seems like an hour
Eyes tend to focus on one object to the exclusion of others
Certain sounds become striking and music takes a new

dimension

Food and drink taste especially good

Confused about the past, present and future
Impaired short term memory
Easily distracted
The suggestibility and release of inhibition
Increased sense of sociability and hilarity

Objective Effects

Moderate increase in resting pulse

Redenning of the eyes
Difficulty if speech and of remembering the
logical trend of what was being said
Show slight increase in cortical functions
Themor and muscular incoordination
In high dosage
Frank hallucination, delusion and paranoid feeling
Confused and disorganized thinking
Toxic psychosis

Stimulants

Amphetamine
Acts on the cerebral cortex causing
alertness, excessive self-confidence
and feeling of well-being.

Reasons why some persons

abuse its use

For thrill
As a substitute when other narcotic supplies are
temporarily cut off
Increase strength and endurance
Reduce fatigue during the athletic performance
To ward a sleep among students cramming for
examination
To effect a prolonged high when used in
combination with other drugs like alcohol, heroin
and barbiturates
As a body reducer by reducing appetite

Danger of Amphetamine
Misuse

Overactivity leading to social

consequences, aggressive behavior,;
stealing and murder
Production of a psychotic illness
Shock and collapse
May lead to habituation
Risk of suicide

Drug Death

Primary drug fatalities

Secondary drug fatalities
Drug-associated fatalities

Deliriants

Not covered by Dangerous Drug Act of

1972
Included in P.D. No. 1619
Volatile substances including liquid, solid

or mixed substance having the property of

releasing toxic vapors or fumes

Acts which are Punishable

Use or possession of volatile substances for the

purpose of inhalation
Sale, administration, delivery or giving away to
another on any term or acting as a broker to
transact volatile substances
Maintenance of a den, dive or resort
Sale or offer to minors without requiring the
written consent of their parents or guardians
Sale or offer to minors of liquors or beverages
containing an alcoholic contentof 30% or
above.

Ways of Controlling or Combating

Drug Problem in the Country

By preventing users to further use the

drug

Counseling
Treatment and rehabilitation
Destruction of the source of the drug
Instilling into the mind the philosophy that
It is better late than never.

Ways of Controlling or Combating

Drug Problem in the Country

By preventing non-users from starting

a life of drug dependence
Medical means
Research on the causes, epidemiology,
symptomatology, prevention and cure.
Formation and implementation of medical

hypothesis
Attentuation
Fortification