Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Electric
Field [V/m]
Electric
field
Direction of
propagation
Time [s]
z
Magnetic
field
Disturbance of EM field
Velocity of light (~300 000 000 m/s)
E and H fields are orthogonal
E and H fields are in phase
Impedance, Z0: 377 ohms
Magnetic
Field [A/m]
Time [s]
t 2
0 0 z 2
Hy
2
t 2
1 Hy
0 0 z 2
2
E x E0 e j (t z )
H y H 0 e j ( t z )
frequency
Electric
field
wavelength
Direction of
propagation
z
Magnetic
field
Z0
E0
H0
1
0 0 f
Phase constant
Z0
0
0
Attenuation
increases with z
Phase varies
with z
Propagation constant
Attenuation constant
Phase constant
Periodic time
variation
Power flow
Poynting vector
S EH
2
1
1
2 1
S av E x
H y Z0
2
Z0 2
Polarisation of EM wave
circular
vertical
Electrical field, E
horizontal
Reflection, refraction
Reflection
r i
Reflection coefficient:
Er
Ei
Refraction
sin( t )
1
sin( i )
2
11
2 2
sin( i )
Cables
Used at frequencies below 35 GHz
Waveguides
Used between 0.4 GHz to 350 GHz
Quasi-optical system
Used above 30 GHz
Rectangular waveguide
Launching of EM wave
Dipole antenna
Horn
antenna
Reciprocity
Transmission and reception antennas can be used interchangeably
Medium must be linear, passive and isotropic
Caveat: Antennas are usually optimised for reception or transmission
not both !
Radiation pattern
Beam area and beam efficiency
Effective aperture and aperture efficiency
Directivity and gain
Radiation resistance
Radiation pattern
E ( , )
E ( , )
+ phase patterns
( , )
P ( , )
E2 ( , ) E2 ( , )
Pn ( , )
HPBW: half power beam width
( , )
Z0
P ( , )
P ( , ) max
r2
Pn ( , ) sin( )dd Pn ( , )d
4
P ( , )d
n
Main
beam
P ( , )d
n
min or
lobes
A M m
M
A
Prec Sin Ae
Aperture and beam area are linked:
2
Ae
A
Ae
Ap
Directivity
From pattern
P( , ) max
P( , ) average
4
P ( , )d
4
A
From aperture
D 4
Ae
2
Isotropic antenna: A 4
Gain G k g D
k g efficiency factor (0 k g 1)
G is lower than D due to ohmic losses only
D 1
Radiation resistance
Antenna presents an impedance at its terminals
Z A RA jX A
Resistive part is radiation resistance plus loss resistance
R A RR RL
The radiation resistance does not correspond to a real resistor
present in the antenna but to the resistance of space coupled
via the beam to the antenna terminals.
Types of Antenna
Wire
Aperture
Arrays
Wire antenna
Dipole
Loop
Folded dipoles
Helical antenna
Yagi (array of dipoles)
Corner reflector
Many more types
Horizontal dipole
Many wire antennas (but not all) are used at or near resonance
Some times it is not practical to built the whole resonant length
The physical length can be shortened using loading techniques
Inductive load: e.g. center, base or top coil (usually adjustable)
Capacitive load: e.g. capacitance hats (flat top at one or both ends)
Yagi-Uda
Elements Gain
dBi
Gain
dBd
7.5
5.5
8.5
6.5
10
11.5
9.5
12.5
10.5
13.5
11.5
Aperture antenna
Reflector antenna
Cassegrain antenna
Tapered illumination
Spillover (illumination does not stop at the edge of the dish)
Blockage of secondary mirror, support legs
Surface irregularities
(effect depends on wavelength)
2
K g cos 4
At the SEST:
Horn antenna
Rectangular or circular waveguide flared up
Spherical wave fronts from phase centre
Flare angle and aperture determine gain
Short dipole
I 0le j (t r ) cos( ) 1
1
Er
( 2
)
2 0
cr
j r 3
I 0le j (t r ) sin( ) j
1
1
E
( 2 2
)
4 0
c r cr
j r 3
I 0le j (t r ) sin( ) j 1
H
(
2)
4
cr r
for r
,
2
1
E and H vary as
r
1
P varies as 2
r
j 60I 0 e j (t r ) sin( ) l
E
r
90
120
60
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
150
PN
180
30
0
210
330
240
270
300
8
A
3
Rr 80 2
2
( X Y Z)
D 1.5
( X Y Z)
.
cos
j 60 I 0 e j (t r )
2
2
r
sin
D 1.625
( X Y Z)
l 1.395
A 5.097
D 2.466
( X Y Z)
l 10
A 1.958
D 6.417
120
90
60
150
120
1.5
30
150
Pn
180
240
0.5
180
330
210
Pn
Pn
330
300
240
270
d1
30
E i
210
60
300
270
i
0 deg
60
1.5
150
150
1.5
150
Pn
0.5
180
180
210
0
210
330
210
240
30
30
E i
0.5
180
60
60
30
E i
120
90
120
330
330
300
240
270
i
240
300
270
d1
300
270
i
90 deg
( )
1 2
En ( )
n sin / 2
sin
90
120
90
60
120
0.8
30
0.6
150
0.4
Ef i
Ef i
210
330
240
0.2
180
300
67.5 deg
210
330
240
270
i
n3
30
0.4
0.2
180
60
0.8
0.6
150
2d
cos( )
300
270
i
d 0.5
n8
0 deg
d 0.5
En ( ) sin
2n sin
2
sin
60
0.8
0.6
150
30
0.4
Ef i
0.2
180
210
330
240
300
270
i
n 10
108 deg
( X Y Z)
d1
n 10
A 0.713
d 0.25
D 17.627
Pattern multiplication
The total field pattern of an array of non-isotropic but similar point sources
is the product of the individual source pattern and the pattern of an array of
isotropic point sources having the same locations,relative amplitudes and
phases as the non-isotropic point sources.
Primary field pattern
90
90
120
60
120
0.8
30
Ef2i
210
330
240
180
1 104 deg
Ef i
330
240
300
270
i
d1 0.3
n2
2 180 deg
30
0.4
210
300
60
0.6
150
0.2
270
i
n2
30
0.4
0.2
180
120
0.8
0.6
150
0.4
Ef1i
90
60
0.8
0.6
150
0.2
180
210
330
240
300
270
i
d2 0.6
l
E (u ) f ( x)e jux dx
2 1
l
sin( ) , l length, anglefrom normal to line
aperture
EFN
.
EFN
.
EFN
.
EFN
EFN
.
Receiving antenna
Aer , Pr , Gr
2
Gt Pt 2Gr
Pr
Gt Gr Pt
2
4 r 4
4 r
S, power density
Radar return
Gt Pt
Gr 2
2
Pr
Pt Gt Gr
3 4
2
2
4 r 4 r 4
4 r
S, power density
Reflected
power density
Antenna temperature