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Epidemiology (Schneider)
Descriptive Studies
Relatively inexpensive and less time-consuming than analytic
studies, they describe
Epidemiology (Schneider)
600
510
500
443
400
382
300
200
100
0
41
65
85
118
158
211
268
311
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Years
Epidemiology (Schneider)
Death Rates
for Individuals
with
Diabetes
Figure 3-27. Drop in
death rates for diabetes
among 55 to 64 year old
men and women, United
States, 1930-1960, due to
changes in ICD coding.
(From US Public Health
Service publication no.
1000, series 3, No. 1.
Washington, DC, US
Government Printing
Office, 1964.)
Infant
Mortality
Rates by
Race
Case Reports
Advantages
Limitations
Epidemiology (Schneider)
Case Series
Epidemiology (Schneider)
Cross-Sectional Studies
Cross sectional studies or prevalence studies measure disease and exposure
simultaneously in a well-defined population
Advantages
Prevalence studies cut across the general population, not simply those seeking
medical care
They are good for identifying the prevalence of common outcomes, such as arthritis,
blood pressure or allergies
Limitations
Since you determine prevalent rather than incident cases, results will be influenced
by survival factors
Remember: P = I x D
Decreased by:
Shorter duration of
disease
Decrease in new
cases (decrease in
incidence)
High case-fatality
rate from disease
In-migration of cases
Out-migration of healthy
people
In-migration of
susceptible people
Improved diagnostic
facilities
(better reporting)
In-migration of
healthy people
Out-migration of
cases
Improved cure rate
of cases
Prevalence of Congenital
Malformations Across Maternal Age
Cohort or
Longitudinal
45
40
35
30
25
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
Year of Examination
Data
30 Year Olds in
Successive
Years
Correlational Studies
ADVANTAGES
Epidemiology (Schneider)
LIMITATIONS
Because data are for groups, you cannot link disease and
exposure in individuals
Epidemiology (Schneider)
Surveillance
Epidemiology (Schneider)
Epidemiology (Schneider)
Uses
Trend analysis
Epidemiology (Schneider)
Uses
Planning
Epidemiology (Schneider)
Uses
Epidemiology (Schneider)