Halog

ens

Group 3 :
Siti khotijah
(4301414031)
Birgita louren
(4301414035)
Elva nurhasanah
(4301414073)

Group VIIA elements include

These elements
are called halogens,
which means saltformer with sodium
and with the other alkali
metals.

Sub
material
Characteristic of halogen
existence in nature and how to make
the halogen
The important compund
The reaction that important
aplication
3

1. Characteristic of
halogen

physical
chemical
4

Physical
1.
colors
:

Appearances of halogens at room

temperature and pressure

Iodine
(solid)
Chlori
n
(gas)

bromin
e
(liquid)

flourin
(gas)

2.

Melting point / boiling point down

the
group Melting point (C) Boiling point (C)
Halogen
Fluorine

219

188

Chlorine

101

34

Bromine

60

Iodine

114

185

Astatine

Halogen molecules (X2) is nonpolar, the

attractive force between molecules is halogen
dispersion forces. Dispersion forces grows
conform with increasing molecular mass (Mr),
and
therefore the boiling point of getting to the
6
bottom of getting bigger

3. Colour becomes darker down the

group
Haloge
n

Colour

F2

Cl2

Br2

Pale
yellow

Greeni
sh
yellow

Reddis
h
brown

I2

At

Violet
black

Black
solids
(appro
ximate
)

All halogen smell was

overpowering, as well as
toxic

4. solubility
Halogen molecules (X2) is
nonpolar, so not very soluble in polar
solvents (such as water), but very
soluble in organic solvents (such as 1,1,1trichloroethane)

Colours of halogens in water:

(a) chlorine; (b) bromine; (c)
iodine
8

Colours of halogens in 1,1,1trichloroethane:

(a) chlorine; (b) bromine; (c)
iodine

DECREASES as
you go down
the group
This is because the electrons
are further away from the
nucleus and so any extra
electrons arent attracted as
much)
9

Decreasing

Reactivity

reactivity

Chemical
1. reactifity

2. oxidation
Oxidizing power : F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
The oxidation number of halogen

compounds vary from -1, +1, +3, +5 and

+7 except Fluor oxidation number is only
-1
Halogen is a strong oxidizing agent,
therefore,
the halogens
easily bind
Data halogen
element electrode
potential as
follows:
electrons or easily irreducible

10

F2 (g) + 2e 2F- (aq), Eo = +2.87 Volt

Cl 2 (g) + 2e 2Cl- (aq), Eo = +1.36 Volt
Br 2 (g) + 2e 2Br- (aq), Eo = + 1,06Volt
I2 (g) + 2e 2I- (aq), Eo = + 0,54Volt

3. Electron Affinity
Halogen
E.A.
kJ/mol

Cl

Br

At

322,6

348,5

324,7

295,5

270

The electron affinity is owned by

halogen (VIIa) for this group
elements are most easily capture
electrons. Thus, the element that
has the largest electron affinity
11

4. Electronegativity
Halogen

Cl

Br

At

Electronegativi
4.0 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.2
ty
The nuclear attraction for the bonding electrons
smallest down the group
Fluorine has the highest electronegativity because it
is the most reactive elements.
The electronegativity of fluorine is arbitrarily
assigned as 4.0.

12

2. existence in nature and how

to make the halogen
Fluorine is found in minerals in the earth's crust

13

The main source of fluoride is ore or mineral

fluorspar containing fluorite (CaF2),fluorapatit
(CA5 (PO4) 3F)
Chlorine in sea water in the form of halide salts
of sodium, Halide salt is NaCl which at most 2.8%
by weight of sea water. it is found in nature as Cl2
gas, and mineral compounds, such as sylvite or
KCl
Bromine is obtained from seawater in the form
bromide ion (Br) in an amount much smaller than
the chlorine.
Iodine contained in sea water only up to 6 x 10-7%
level, but these compounds are concentrated in
certain species of seaweed
halogen compounds rare that astatine, which was

Ho to made halogen
1. flourin
made from acid electrolysis
Florida
obtained from fluorspar (CaF2)
which is reacted with
concentrated H2SO4
HF obtained is mixed with a
liquid KHF2

14

Place for the

electrolysis
reaction made
of a mixture of
Cu and Ni. The
container
becomes
cathode, while
anodenya is
graphite.

2HF (aq) 2HF + (aq) +

2F- (aq)
Cathode (-): 2F + (aq) + 2e H2 (g)
Anode (+): 2F- (aq) F2 (g) + 2e

2. Chlorine
the chlorine can be prepared by oxidize chloride
As oxidant may be used MnO2 (manganese), KMnO4,
K2Cr2O7, or CaOCl2

MnO2 (s) + 2H2SO4 (l) + 2NaCl (s)

Na2SO4 (aq) + MnSO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
+ Cl 2 (g)
chlorine is made by electrolysis
concentrated sodium chloride
solution

2NaCl (aq) 2Na + (aq) + 2Cl (aq)

Cathode (-): 2NH2O (l) + 2e H2 (g) + 2OH
(aq)
Anode (+): 2Cl (aq) Cl2 (g) + 2e.
2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O (l) 2Na + (aq) +
15
2OH (aq) + Cl 2 (g) + H2 (g)

3.bromine

In the industry, the bromine can be prepared by oxidizes

bromide

In the laboratory, bromine is made by heating a

mixture of NaBr + MnO2 and concentrated
H2SO4.
MnO2 (s) + 2H2SO4 (l) + 2NaBr (s) MnSO4 (aq) +
Na2SO4 (aq) + Br 2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

Bromine can be made by electrolysis of a saline

solution MgBr2 using inert electrodes.
MgBr2 (aq) Mg 2+ (aq) + 2BR (aq)
Cathode (-): 2H2O (l) + 2e H2 (g) + 2OH
(aq)
Anode (+): 2BR (aq) Br2 (l) + 2e.
MgBr2 (aq) + 2H2O (l) Mg 2+ (aq) + 2OH
(aq) + Br2 (l) + H2 (g) + Mg (OH) 2 (aq)
16

4. Iodine
In the laboratory of iodine made of MnO2 + KI
+ H2SO4 concentrated heated

KI (s) + MnO2 (s) + H2SO4 (l) K2SO4 (aq) +

MnSO4 (aq) + H2O (l) + I2 (s)
Bromine can be made by electrolysis of a saline
solution MgBr2 using inert electrodes.
2NaI (aq) 2Na + (aq) + 2I (aq)
Cathode (-): 2H2O (l) + 2e H2 (g) + 2OH (aq)
Anode (+): 2I (aq) I2 (g) + 2e.
2NaI (aq) + 2H2O (l) 2Na + (aq) + 2OH (aq) + I2 (g) +
H2(g)

17

5. Astatin
Astatin including halogen group and is a
radioactive element that is formed naturally
by the decay of uranium-235 and uranium-238
or result from the integration of thorium and
uranium with neutrons produces naturally.
The amount of astatine in the earth's crust is
less than 1 ounce. It is not possible to make
other than in a nuclear reactor.

18

Important Compound
The halogens form compounds among

themselves. These interhalogens have the

formulas XX, , , and (X heavier halogen)
These compounds are prepared by direct
reaction of the two halogens
the product formed being determined by
the proportions of the reactants used

19

Most of the F produced by industry is used to

make the volatile solid used for processing

nuclear fuel
chlorine is prepared commercially by the
electrolysis of either brines or molten rock salt

20

All the hydrogen halides are colorless, pungent

gases except HF which is a liquid at temperature

below 20C
All hydrogen halides dissolve in water to give
acidic solutions
HF has the distinctive property of attacking glass
and silica and the interiors of lamp bulbs are
frosted by the vapors from a solution of HF and
ammonium fluoride
HF is also used for making fluorinated carbon
compounds such as Teflon
21

Hypohalous
acids (HXO note +1 oxidation

number) are prepared by direct reaction of the

halogen with water

Hypohalite ions (XO-) are formed when a halogen

is added to the aqueous solution of a base

Hypochlorites (HClO) are used in liquid
household bleaches and as disinfectants
Calcium hypochlorite, is used to chlorinate
swimming pools
22

Important reaction
Getting to the top, electronegativity have

much bigger, that increase oxidizing

properties
It caused Halogen displacement reaction.

Halogen react with most metals, will produce

compound salt / metal halide.

23

Halogen react with non-metals form an acid

halide / halide compound.

Reaction with Metalloids
Oksihalogen acid

24

Aplication of halogen material

Flourine
Production of UF6 for the nuclear industry: production of
flourocarbon(teflon, freon)
Chlorine
Production of organic compound,water purification,
bleaches, flame-retardant compounds, dyes, textiles,
insecticides, plastics
Bromine
Production of pesticides, fire retardant materials,
photochemicals,
Iodine
Production of organic compounds, iodized salt and
tincture of iodine
25

flourin
difluoride
The most reactive element
Reacts with all elements except He, Ne, Ar
A negative value because the enthalpy at

iktana covalent bonding F -F weak

Synthesis of fluoride compound to produce
compounds with the highest possible level of
oxidation
2Fe(s) + 3F2
2FeF3
Difluoride produced by the method misson
Difluoride in bulk

26 Fluoride is used for the separation of uranium

isotopes

Hydrogen chloride and

hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen fluoride strongest bond between

the hydrogen bond else

Hydro fluoride acid is a weak acid with pK a =
3.2
In a concentrated solution of hydro fluoride
acid is the greater degree of ionization
Diflourida highly corrosive acid, though weak
acid, this acid is a compound that takes the
glass forming ion heksaflurosilikat SiF6 2SiO2 (s) + 6HF (aq)

27

SiF6 + 2H3O

Klorida diklorida
Chloride reacts with many elements, forming

the oxidation level with many elements

2Fe (s) + 3Cl2
2FeCl3(s)
Chlorine form chlorination agent
H2C
CH2 + Cl2
ClH2C
CH2Cl
Chlorine produces hydrochloric acid by
reaction with water
Cl2 + (aq) + 2H2O
H3O+ + Cl- + HClO

28

acid Hydrochloride
Equilibrium occurs between gas and solution
HCl (aq)
HCl (g)
Hydrochloride is strongly acidic ionized almost

perfect
HCl (aq) + H2O (l)
H3O+ (aq) + ClMaking the traditional method of reacting HCl
NaCl with concentrated sulfuric acid
NaCl (s) + H2SO4(l)
NaHSO4 + HCl (g)
NaHSO4 (s) + NaCl (s)
Na2SO4 +HCl
H2 + + Cl2 (g)
2HCl
29

Halides ionic
There are two ways the formation of halide

compounds, namely, the first direct

interaction between the metal ions and
halogen metal
direct interaction between the metal ions to
produce metal halide acid
No way of distinguishing iodide, chloride,
bromide with the addition of silver nitrate
Where the white AgCl, AgBr beige, yellow AgI
To distinguish between bromide ion and iodide
30
ion can be added diklorin in water

Oksida halogen
Dichloride oxide is the only known stable

oxygen Floren
Chlorine forms several oxides Cl2O, ClO2,
ClO3 and Cl2O7 with oxidation state +1, +4,
+6, +7
Diklorin monoxide dissolved in water and
produce yellow - orange containing some
HOCl

31

Chlorine dioxide in the form of a yellow gas

condenses into a dark red liquid at a

temperature of 110C
Trioxide chloride dimer form on Cl2O6 and as
ionic [ClO +] [ClO4-]
Diklorin heptaoksida form of liquid oils
obtained from dehydration pelklorat acid with
P2O5 at temperatures of -10 followed by
distillation
32

Oksihalogen acid and halogen oxy

anion
Each halogen soluble in water with a certain
degree of solubility in the solution but there
are other species besides halogen molecule
solvated, because disproportionation reaction
X2 (g,l,s)
X2 (aq)
K1
X2 (aq) +2H2O (l)
H3O+ (aq)+ X- (aq) + HXO (aq) K2

The price of K1 and K2 for each halogen

X
K1
K2
33

Cl
0,062
4,2 x
10-4

Br
0,21
7,2 x10
-9

I
0,0013
2,0 x
10-13

Hypochlorous acid and

hypochlorite ions
Hypochlorous acid is a very weak acid, so it is

very alkaline hypochlorite solution as a result

of the hydrolysis process
ClO- (aq) + H2O (l)
HClO (aq) + OH- (aq)
Hypochlorous acid is a strong oxidizing
But the hypochlorite ion weak oxidizing agent

34

Ion klorat
Sodium chlorate can be prepared by passing

chlorine gas into a hot solution of sodium

hydroxide

Perchloric acid and

perchlorate ion

Perchloric acid is a strong oxidizing

Together with ammonium perchlorate

35

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