Sampling Theorem

Content

Periodic Sampling
Sampling of Band-Limited Signals
Aliasing --- Nyquist rate
CFT vs. DFT
Reconstruction of Band-limited Signals
Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals
Continuous-Time Processing of Discrete-Time Signals
Changing Sampling Rate
Realistic Model for Digital Processing

Sampling Theorem

Periodic Sampling

Continuous to Discrete-Time Signal Converter

xc(t)
C/D
C/D
T
Sampling rate

x(n)= xc(nT)

C/D System
s(t)
xc(t)

xs(t)

Conversion
Conversionfrom
from
impulse
impulsetrain
trainto
to
discrete-time
discrete-time
sequence
sequence

x(n)= xc(nT)

Sampling with Periodic Impulse train

xc(t)

3T 2T T

xc(t)

2T 3T 4T

8T 4T 2T 0

2T 4T 8T 10T

x(n)

2 1

x(n)

4 2

We
We want
want to
to restore
restore xxcc(t)
(t) from
from x(n).
x(n).
Sampling with Periodic Impulse train
What
What condition
condition has
has to
to be
be placed
placed
on
on the
the sampling
sampling rate?
rate?
xc(t)

3T 2T T

xc(t)

2T 3T 4T

8T 4T 2T 0

2T 4T 8T 10T

x(n)

2 1

x(n)

4 2

C/D System
s(t)
xc(t)

xs(t)

Conversion
Conversionfrom
from
impulse
impulsetrain
trainto
to
discrete-time
discrete-time
sequence
sequence

x(n)= xc(nT)

xs (t ) xc (t ) s (t )
s (t )

(t nT )

xc (t ) (t nT )

x (nT )(t nT )

C/D System
11
s(t)
XXss((jj
))**SS((jj
))from
)) XXcc((jj
Conversion

22 x (t) Conversion from

x(n)= xc(nT)
impulse
train
to
s
impulse
train
to
xc(t) 2
discrete-time
discrete-time 22
2

S ( j )
( k ),
S ( j )

TT

),

( ksequence
sequence

kk

ss

ss

TT

xs (t ) xc (t ) s (t )
s (t )

(t nT )

xc (t ) (t nT )

x (nT )(t nT )

C/D System
11
s:
XXss((jj
)

X
(
j

)
*
S
(
j

)
)
Xcc ( j) * S ( j)
22
Sampling Frequency
22
22
SS((jj
((
))
kk
ss)),,
ss

TT kk
TT

1
2

X s ( j )
X c ( j ) *
( k s )

2
T k

C/D System
11
XXss((jj
X
(
j

kj

)
))
X
(
j

kj

c
s

c
s)
TT kk

1
X c ( j kj s )
T k

1
X c ( j) * ( k s )
T
k
1
2

X s ( j )
X c ( j ) *
( k s )

2
T k

Sampling Theorem
Sampling of
Band-Limited Signals

Band-Limited Signals
Band-Limited

1
N

Band-Unlimited

Xc(j)
N

Yc(j)

11
22
XXss((jj
XXcc((jj
))
kj
kj
ss),),
ss

TT kk
TT

Sampling of Band-Limited Signals

Band-Limited

Sampling with
Higher Frequency

3s

2s

2/T

4s

S(j)
s

2/T

2s

Sampling with
Lower Frequency

6s

Xc(j)

2s

3s

S(j)

2s

4s

6s

Sampling Theorem
Aliasing --Nyquist Rate

11
22
XXss((jj
XXcc((jj
))
kj
kj
ss),),
ss

TT kk
TT

Recoverability
Band-Limited

Sampling with
Higher Frequency

3s

2s

2/T

4s

S(j)

Sampling with
Lower Frequency

6s

Xc(j)

s
2/T

2s

ss>> 2
2NN

S(j)

2s

3s

ss<< 2
2NN
2s

4s

6s

11
22
XXss((jj
XXcc((jj
))
kj
kj
ss),),
ss

TT kk
TT

Case 1: s > 2N
1
N
2/T

3s

2s

2s

S(j)

s
1/T

3s

Xc(j)

2s

3s

Xs(j)

2s

3s

11
22
XXss((jj
XXcc((jj
))
kj
kj
ss),),
ss

TT kk
TT

Case 1: s > 2N

X (j)

c
Passing
through
a
1
PassingXXs(j)
(j)
through
a
s
XXss(j)
isis aa periodic
(j)
periodic
low-pass
low-passfilter
filterwith
withcutoff
cutoff
function
with
frequency

,
function
with
frequency
NN<<
cc<<
s

N
,

s
N
N
N
the
period
theoriginal
originalsignal
signalcan
canbe
be
period
ss..
recovered.
2/T
recovered.
S(j)

3s

2s

s
1/T

3s

2s

2s

3s

Xs(j)

2s

3s

11
22
XXss((jj
XXcc((jj
))
kj
kj
ss),),
ss

TT kk
TT

Case 2: s < 2N
1
N
2/T
6s

4s

2s

4s

2s

S(j)

2s

1/T
6s

Xc(j)

4s

6s

Xs(j)
2s

4s

6s

11
22
XXss((jj
XXcc((jj
))
kj
kj
ss),),
ss

TT kk
TT

Case 2: s < 2N
No
No way
way to
to recover
recover
the
the original
original signal.
signal.

i
s
i
s
a
i
a
l
A
Ali
g
n
ng
6s

6s

4s

4s

1
N

2/T
2s

2s

Xc(j)
N

S(j)

XXss(j)
(j) isis aa periodic
periodic
function
function with
with
period
period
ss..

2s
1/T

4s

6s

Xs(j)
2s

4s

6s

Nequist Rate
Band-Limited

1
N

Xc(j)
N

Nequist frequency (N)

The highest frequency of a band-limited signal
Nequist rate = 2N

Nequist Sampling Theorem

Band-Limited

1
N

Xc(j)
N

s > 2N

Recoverable

s < 2N

Aliasing

Sampling Theorem
CFT vs. DFT

11
XXss((jj
X
(
j

kj

)
))
X
(
j

kj

c
s

c
s)
TT kk

C/D System
s(t)
xc(t)

xs(t)

Conversion
Conversionfrom
from
impulse
impulsetrain
trainto
to
discrete-time
discrete-time
sequence
sequence

x(n)= xc(nT)

xs (t ) xc (t ) s (t )
s (t )

(t nT )

xc (t ) (t nT )

x (nT )(t nT )

11
XXss((jj
X
(
j

kj

)
))
X
(
j

kj

c
s

c
s)
TT kk

Continuous-Time Fourier Transform

s(t)
xc(t)

xs(t)

Conversion
Conversionfrom
from
impulse
impulsetrain
trainto
to
discrete-time
discrete-time
sequence
sequence

XXss((jj

)) n
nT))ee
XXcc((nT
s (t )

(t nT )
nn

j
jTn
Tn

x(n)= xc(nT)

xs (t ) xc (t ) s (t )
n

xc (t ) (t nT )

x (nT )(t nT )

11
XXss((jj
X
(
j

kj

)
))
X
(
j

kj

c
s

c
s)
TT kk

CFT vs. DFT

s(t)
xc(t)

xs(t)

Conversion
Conversionfrom
from
impulse
impulsetrain
trainto
to
discrete-time
discrete-time
sequence
sequence

XXss((jj
))
nT))ee
XXcc((nT
nn

j
jTn
Tn

x(n)

x(n)= xc(nT)

XX((ee ))
xx((nn))ee
j
j

nn

j
jnn

11
XXss((jj
X
(
j

kj

)
))
X
(
j

kj

c
s

c
s)
TT kk

CFT vs. DFT

s(t)
xc(t)

xs(t)

Conversion
Conversionfrom
from
impulse
impulsetrain
trainto
to
discrete-time
discrete-time
sequence
sequence

XXss((jj
))
nT))ee
XXcc((nT

j
jTn
Tn

nn

x(n)
j
XXss((jj
)

X
(
e
) X (e j))T

x(n)= xc(nT)

XX((ee ))
xx((nn))ee
j
j

j
jnn

nn

j
j

XX((ee )) XXss((jj
))TT

CFT vs. DFT

11
XXss((jj
XXcc((jj
))
kj
kj
ss))

TT kk

j
j

XX((ee )) XXss((jj
))TT

1
22kk
j
1
j

XX((ee ))
XXcc((jj jj
))

TT kk
TT
TT


1
22kk
j
1
j

XX((ee ))
XXcc((jj jj
))

TT kk
TT
TT

CFT vs. DFT

1

Xc(j)

1/T

s
1/T

22

ss
TT

Xs(j)
s

X(ej)


1
22kk
j
1
j

XX((ee ))
XXcc((jj jj
))

TT kk
TT
TT

CFT vs. DFT

1

Amplitude scaling

Xc(j)

&

Repeating
1/T

22

ss
TT

Xs(j)

Frequency scaling

s2
s
1/T

X(ej)

Sampling Theorem
Reconstruction of
Band-limited Signals

Key Concepts
xc(t)

3T 2T T

CFT

2T 3T 4T

/T

/T

Retrieve
One period

x(n)

2 1

ICFT

Sampling
C/D

Xc(j)

FT

X(ej)

IFT

Interpolation
1
XX((eejjTT)) 1 XXc jj
//TT //TT
c
TT

T / T j( t Tn )

/
T
1
j t
xc (nT )
e
d

xc (t )
X
j

e
d

c
2 / T

n
2 / T
1 /T
jT
j t

sin[ (t nT ) / T ]

TX
e
e
d

xc (nT )
2 / T
(t nT ) / T
n

T /T
jTn
j t

x
(
nT
)
e
e
d

/
T
2
n

T / T jTn jt
xc (nT )
e
e d

/
T
2

Interpolation
sin[ (t nT ) / T ]
xc (t ) xc (nT )
(t nT ) / T
n

(t)

x(n)

xxcc((tt))
x
(
n
)

(
t
)
x
(
n
)

(
t
n

n )
nn

Ideal D/C Reconstruction System

x(n)

Covert
Covertfrom
from
sequence
sequenceto
to
impulse
impulsetrain
train
T

xs(t)

Ideal
Ideal
Reconstruction
Reconstruction
Filter
Filter
HHr(j)
r(j)
T

xr(t)

Obtained from sampling

xc(t) using an ideal C/D
Ideal D/Csystem.
Reconstruction

x(n)

Covert
Covertfrom
from
sequence
sequenceto
to
impulse
impulsetrain
train

xs(t)

System

Ideal
Ideal
Reconstruction
Reconstruction
Filter
Filter
HHr(j)
r(j)

xr(t)

T
Hr(j)

xs (t )

x(n)(t nT )

/T

/T

sin(
//TT)()(ttnT
))
sin(
nT
xxrr((tt))
xx((nn))

((//TT)()(ttnT
nn
nT))

Ideal D/C Reconstruction System

x(n)

Covert
Covertfrom
from
sequence
sequenceto
to
impulse
impulsetrain
train
T

X s ( j ) X ( e

jT

xs(t)

Ideal
Ideal
Reconstruction
Reconstruction
Filter
Filter
HHr(j)
r(j)

xr(t)

j
jTT

XXrr((jj
)) H
Hrr((jj
))XX((ee

))

sin(
//TT)()(ttnT
))
sin(
nT
xxrr((tt))
xx((nn))

((//TT)()(ttnT
nn
nT))

Ideal D/C Reconstruction System

xc(t)

C/D
C/D
T

x(n)

D/C
D/C
T

In
In what
what condition
condition xxrr(t)
(t) ==
xxcc(t)?
(t)?

xr(t)

Sampling Theorem
Discrete-Time Processing of
Continuous-Time Signals

The Model
xc(t)

C/D
C/D

x(n)

Discrete-Time
Discrete-Time
System
System

y(n)

xc(t)

D/C
D/C
T

Continuous-Time
Continuous-Time
System
System

yr(t)

yr(t)

The Model
xc(t)

C/D
C/D

x(n)

Discrete-Time
j
Discrete-Time
j
System
System

H
H(e
(e ))

y(n)

xc(t)

D/C
D/C
T

Continuous-Time
Continuous-Time
System
eff
System
eff

H
H (j)
(j)

yr(t)

yr(t)

LTI Discrete-Time Systems

XXcc((jj
))
xc(t)

C/D
C/D

XX((eejj))
YY((eejj))
x(n) Discrete-Time
y(n)
j

H
H(e
(e ))

Discrete-Time
j
System
System

YYrr((jj
))

H
(j)
D/C
HrD/C
r (j)
T

2k
X (e ) X c ( j j
)
T k
T
T
j

Yr ( j) H r ( j)Y (e jT ) H r ( j) H (e jT ) X (e jT )

1
2k
jT
H r ( j ) H ( e ) X c ( j j
)
T k
T

yr(t)

LTI Discrete-Time Systems

XXcc((jj
))
xc(t)

XX((eejj))
YY((eejj))
x(n) Discrete-Time
y(n)
j

H
H(e
(e ))

Discrete-Time
j
System
System

C/D
C/D
T

YYrr((jj
))

H
(j)
D/C
HrD/C
r (j)
T

H (e jT ) X c ( j) | | / T

Yr ( j)

| | / T

1
2k
jT
Yr ( j) H r ( j) H (e ) X c ( j j
)
T k
T

yr(t)

j
TT
j

H
((ee ))
H
H
Heffeff ((jj
))
00

||
|
|//TT
||
|
|//TT

LTI Discrete-Time Systems

xc(t)

Continuous-Time
Continuous-Time
System
eff
System
eff

H
H (j)
(j)

yr(t)

YYrr((jj
)) H
Heffeff ((jj
))XXrr((jj
))

XXcc((jj
))
Yr ( j)

H (e jT ) X c ( j) | | / T
0

| | / T

j
TT
j

H
((ee ))
H
H
Heffeff ((jj
))
00

||
|
|//TT
||
|
|//TT

Example:Ideal Lowpass Filter

XXcc((jj
))
xc(t)

C/D
C/D

x(n)

H(ej)
Discrete-Time
1
Discrete-Time
System
System
c
c

YYrr((jj
))
y(n)

11
H
Heffeff ((jj
))
00

D/C
D/C
T

||
|
|cc //TT
||
|
|cc //TT

yr(t)

j
TT
j

H
((ee ))
H
H
Heffeff ((jj
))
00

||
|
|//TT
||
|
|//TT

Example:Ideal Lowpass Filter

Heff(j)
Continuous-Time
1
Continuous-Time
System
System

xc(t)

yr(t)

1 | | cT
H (e )
0 cT | | 2
j

Example:
Ideal Bandlimited Differentiator
xc(t)

Continuous-Time
Continuous-Time
System
System

H ( j ) j

d
yc (t ) x c (t )
dt

j | | / T
H eff ( j)
| | / T
0

Example:
Ideal Bandlimited Differentiator
|Heff(j)|

xc(t)

Continuous-Time

Continuous-Time

System
System

H ( j ) j

d
yc (t ) x c (t )
dt

j | | / T
H eff ( j)
| | / T
0

Example:
Ideal Bandlimited Differentiator
|Heff(j)|

xc(t)

Continuous-Time

Continuous-Time

System
System

H ( e ) j / T ,

| |

d
yc (t ) x c (t )
dt

j
j

H
H((ee )) H
Hcc(( jj
//TT),),

||
|
|

Impulse Invariance
Continuous-Time
Continuous-Time
LTI
LTIsystem
system

xc(t)
xc(t)

hhcc(t),
(t), H
Hcc(j)
(j)

C/D
C/D
T

x(n)

Discrete-Time
Discrete-Time
LTI
LTISystem
System

h(n)
h(n)
j
H(e
H(ej))

y(n)

yc(t)

D/C
D/C

yc(t)

What
What isis the
the relation
relation between
between hhcc(t)
(t) and
and h(n)?
h(n)?

j
j

H
H((ee )) H
Hcc(( jj
//TT),),

||
|
|

Impulse Invariance
j
j

xx((nn))
XX((ee ))

xxcc((tt))
XXcc(( jj
))

x(n) xc (nT )

1
2k

j
X (e ) X c j j

T k T
T

1
X (e ) X c j ,
T
T
j

| |

j
j

H
H((ee )) H
Hcc(( jj
//TT),),

||
|
|

Impulse Invariance
j
j

hh((nn))
H
H((ee ))
h(n) hc (nT )

hhcc((tt))
H
Hcc(( jj
))

1
H (e ) H c j , | |
T
T
h(n) Thc (nT )

j
H (e ) H c j , | |
T
j

hh((nn)) Th
Thcc((nT
nT))

Impulse Invariance
Continuous-Time
Continuous-Time
LTI
LTIsystem
system

xc(t)
xc(t)

hhcc(t),
(t), H
Hcc(j)
(j)

C/D
C/D
T

x(n)

Discrete-Time
Discrete-Time
LTI
LTISystem
System

h(n)
h(n)
j
H(e
H(ej))

y(n)

yc(t)

D/C
D/C

yc(t)

What
What isis the
the relation
relation between
between hhcc(t)
(t) and
and h(n)?
h(n)?

Sampling Theorem
Continuous-Time Processing of
Discrete-Time Signals

The Model
x(n)

D/C
D/C

xc(t)

Continous-Time
Continous-Time
System
System

x(n)

yc(t)

C/D
C/D
T

Discrete-Time
Discrete-Time
System
System

y(n)

y(n)

The Model
x(n)

D/C
D/C

xc(t)

H
H (j)
(j)

Continous-Time
Continous-Time
System
cSystem
c

x(n)

yc(t)

C/D
C/D
T

H
H(e
(e ))

Discrete-Time
j
Discrete-Time
j
System
System

y(n)

y(n)

sin[
sin[((ttnT
nT))//TT]]
xxc ((tt))
x
(
n
)
x ( n)

c
((ttnT
nn
nT))//TT

The Model

XX((ee ))

XXcc((jj
))

x(n)

xc(t)

j
j

D/C
D/C

sin[
sin[((ttnT
nT))//TT]]
yyc ((tt))
y
(
n
)
y ( n)

c
((ttnT
nn
nT))//TT

YYcc((jj
))

H
H (j)
(j)

Continous-Time
Continous-Time
System
cSystem
c

yc(t)

j
j

YY((ee ))
C/D
C/D

X c ( j) TX (e jT ),

| | / T

Yc ( j) H c ( j) X c ( j),
1
j
Y (e ) Y ( j / T ),
T

| | / T

| |

y(n)

The Model
1
Y ( e ) H c ( j / T ) X c ( j / T )
T
1
j
j
H c ( j / T ) TX (e ) H c ( j / T ) X (e )
T
j

X c ( j) TX (e jT ),

| | / T

Yc ( j) H c ( j) X c ( j),
1
j
Y (e ) Yc ( j / T ),
T

| | / T

| |

j
j

The Model

H
H((ee )) H
Hcc(( jj
//TT))

1
Y ( e ) H c ( j / T ) X c ( j / T )
T
1
j
j
H c ( j / T ) TX (e ) H c ( j / T ) X (e )
T
j

x(n)

H
H(e
(e ))

Discrete-Time
j
Discrete-Time
j
System
System

y(n)

j
j

The Model
x(n)

D/C
D/C

xc(t)

H
H((ee )) H
Hcc(( jj
//TT))

H
H (j)
(j)

Continous-Time
Continous-Time
System
cSystem
c

x(n)

yc(t)

C/D
C/D
T

H
H(e
(e ))

Discrete-Time
j
Discrete-Time
j
System
System

y(n)

y(n)

Sampling Theorem
Changing Sampling Rate Using
Discrete-Time Processing

The Goal
x(n) xc (nT )

Down/Up
Down/Up
Sampling
Sampling

x' (n) xc (nT ' )

Sampling Rate Reduction By an Integer Factor

x(n) xc (nT )

T ' MT

Down
Down
Sampling
Sampling

x' (n) xc (nT ' )

xxdd((nn)) xx((nM
nM)) xxcc((nMT
nMT))

Sampling Rate Reduction By an Integer Factor

1
2k

X (e ) X c j j

T k T
T
j

1
2r
1

X d ( e j ) X c j j

T ' r T '
T'
MT

T ' MT

2r

X
j

c
MT
MT
r

xxdd((nn)) xx((nM
nM)) xxcc((nMT
nMT))

Sampling Rate Reduction By an Integer Factor

1
2k

X (e ) X c j j

T k T
T
j

1
X d ( e j )
MT
1

2r

X
j

c
MT
MT
r

Let r = kM + i

2k
2i

T X c j MT j T j MT

i 0
k

M 1

MM11

1
1
22ii 22kk
j

1
1
j

XXdd((ee ))
XXcc jj
jj

M
MT
TT
M i i 00 TT kk
MT

11 MM11
j (j
( 22i )i )/ /MM)
XXdd((ee ))
X
(
e
X (e
)

M
M i i 00
j
j

Sampling Rate Reduction By an Integer Factor

Xc(j)
N

N
jT
1/T Xs(j), X (e )

2/T

N
j
1/T X (e )

N=NT

2/T

MM11

1
1
22ii 22kk
j

1
1
j

XXdd((ee ))
XXcc jj
jj

M
MT
TT
M i i 00 TT kk
MT


NN<< :: no
no aliasing
aliasing

11 MM11
j (j
( 22i )i )/ /MM)
XXdd((ee ))
X
(
e
X (e
)

M
M i i 00
j
j

Sampling Rate Reduction By an Integer Factor

Xc(j)

N
jT
1/T Xs(j), X (e )

2/T

N
j
1/T X (e )

N=NT

2/T

1/MT Xd (e )
j

2
1/T
4/T 2/T

Xd (e )
jT

2/T

M=2
M=2

4/T

Antialiasing
1/T X (ej)
2

M=3
M=3

Xd (ej)
1/MT
2

g
n
g
i
s
n
i
a
s
i
l
a
A
Al i

However,
However, xxdd(n)
(n) x(nT)
x(nT)

Antialiasing
1/T X (ej)
2

N
1

N
Hd (ej)

/3 /3

M=3
M=3

X d ( e j ) H d ( e j ) X ( e j )

/3 /3

~
X d (e j )

Decimator

x(n)

Lowpass
Lowpassfilter
filter
Gain
Gain==11
Cutoff
Cutoff==/M
/M

~
x ( n)

M
M

~
xd ( n ) ~
x (nM )

Increasing Sampling Rate By an Integer Factor

x(n) xc (nT )

Up
Up
Sampling
Sampling

x' (n) xc (nT ' )

T' T / L

T' T / 4

Increasing Sampling Rate By an Integer Factor

j
j

XX((ee ))
x(n) xc (nT )

j
j

Up
Up
Sampling
Sampling
1/T

T' T / L

X (ej)

L/T

XX''((ee ))
x' (n) xc (nT ' )

X (ej)

xxee((nn))
kL))
xx((kk))((nnkL

Interpolator
x(n)

L
L

xe (n)

kk

Lowpass
Lowpassfilter
filter
Gain
Gain==LL
Cutoff
Cutoff==/L
/L

x(n / L) 0, L,2 L,
xe (n)
0
otherwise

xi (n)

xxee((nn))
kL))
xx((kk))((nnkL

XXee((eejj)) XX((eejjLL))

kk

Interpolator
j

X e (e )

jn
x
(
k
)

(
n

kL
)
e

n k

x(k )
k

(n kL)e

jLk
x
(
k
)
e

jn

xxee((nn))
kL))
xx((kk))((nnkL

XXee((eejj)) XX((eejjLL))

Interpolator
1/T

1/T

X (ej)

Xe(ej)

j
L Hi(e )

/3 /3
L/T

kk

L=3
L=3

Xi(ej)

Changing the Sampling Rate By a Noninteger Factor

x' (n) xc (nT ' )

x(n) xc (nT )

Resampling
Resampling

TM
T'
L

Changing the Sampling Rate By a Noninteger Factor

Sampling
SamplingPeriods:
Periods:

TT//LL

TT
x(n)

L
L

x(n)

xe (n)

L
L

Lowpass
Lowpassfilter
filter
Gain
=
L
Gain = L
Cutoff
Cutoff==/L
/L

xe (n)

TM
TM //LL

Lowpass
Lowpassfilter
filter
Gain
=
1
Gain = 1
xi (n) Cutoff
Cutoff==/M
/M

Lowpass
Lowpassfilter
filter
Gain
Gain==LL
Cutoff
Cutoff==min(/L,
min(/L,/M)
/M)

~
xi (n)

~
xi (n)

M
M

M
M

~
xd ( n )

~
xd ( n )

Sampling Theorem
Realistic Model for
Digital Processing

Ideal Discrete-Time Signal Processing Model

xc(t)

C/D
C/D

x(n)

Discrete-Time
Discrete-Time
LTI
LTISystem
System

T
Real world
signal usually is
not bandlimited

Ideal continuous-todiscrete converter is

not realizable

y(n)

D/C
D/C
T

Ideal discrete-tocontinuous
converter is not
realizable

yc(t)

More Realistic Model

xc(t)

x(n)

C/D
C/D

Discrete-Time
Discrete-Time
LTI
LTISystem
System

y(n)

D/C
D/C
T

xc (t )

xa (t )

Antialiasing
filter

H aa ( j)

xo (t )

Sample
and
Hold

yc(t)

y (n)

x (n)

A/D
converter

Discrete-time
system

y DA (t )
D/A
converter

y r (t )

Compensated
reconstruction
filter

~
H r ( j )

Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Sample
Sample
and
and
Hold
Hold

xa (t )

xo (t )

A/D
A/D
converter
converter

xa (t )
T

xo (t )

x B (n)

Sample and Hold

1 0t T
h0 (t )
0 otherwise

(t nT )

ho(t)
T

xa (t )
T

xo (t )

Sample and Hold

1 0t T
h0 (t )
0 otherwise

xo(t)

x(n)(t nT )

ho(t)

xa (nT )(t nT )

xa (t )
T

xo (t )

Sample and Hold

1 0t T
h0 (t )
0 otherwise

xo(t)

x(n)(t nT )

ho(t)

xa (nT )(t nT )

xxoo((tt))hhoo((tt))**
nT))((ttnT
nT))
xxaa((nT
nn

Goal:
Goal:To
Tohold
hold constant
constant sample
samplevalue
value for
forA/D
A/D converter.
converter.

Sample and Hold

s (t )

(t nT )

xc (t )

Zero-Order
Zero-Order
Hold
Hold
hho(t)
o(t)

xs (t )

xxoo((tt))hhoo((tt))**
nT))((ttnT
nT))
xxaa((nT
nn

xo (t )

xx((nn)) Q
Q[[xx((nn)]
)]
A/D Converter
xa (t )

C/D
C/D
T

x(n)

Quantizer
Quantizer

x (n)

Coder
Coder

x B (n)

22XXmm XXmm
B 1 B
22 B 1 22 B

Typical Quantizer

2s complement Offset binary

code
code
011
111

x Q ( x)
3
2

9
2

7
2

5
2

010

110

001

101

000

100

111

011

110

010

101

001

100

000

3
2

2Xm

3
2

5
2

7
2

9
2

(B+1)-bit
(B+1)-bitBinary
Binarycode
code

xx((nn)) XXmmxxBB((nn))
Analysis of Quantization Errors
xa (t )

C/D
C/D

x(n)

Quantizer
Quantizer

x (n)

Coder
Coder

x(n)

Quantizer
Quantizer
Q[
Q[]]

x (n) Q[ x(n)]

x (n) x(n) e(n)

x(n)
e(n)

x B (n)

Analysis of Quantization Errors

The error sequence e(n) is a stationary random process.

e(n) and x(n) are uncorrelated.
The random variables of the error process are uncorrelated,
i.e., the error is a white-noise process.
e(n) is uniform distributed.

x(n)
((XXm //22))xx((nn))((XXm //22)) e(n)
m
m

x (n) x(n) e(n)

//22ee((nn))//22

SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio)

2x2
SNR
SNR10
10log
log1010 22x
ee

( X m / 2B )2
2 2 B X m
2

12
12
12
2
e

12 2 2 B 2x
Xm
6.02 B 10.8 20 log10

SNR 10 log10
2
Xm

x
x(n)
((XXm //22))xx((nn))((XXm //22)) e(n)
m
m

x (n) x(n) e(n)

//22ee((nn))//22

SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio)

2x2
SNR
SNR10
10log
log1010 22x
ee

( X m / 2B )2
2 2 B X m
2

12
12
12
2
e

12 2 2 B 2x
Xm
6.02 B 10.8 20 log10

SNR 10 log10
2
Xm

bit
bit
SNR
SNR
6dB
6dB

Let
Let xx=X
=Xmm// 44
SNR
SNR 6B1.25
6B1.25 dB
dB
SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio)
2x2
SNR
SNR10
10log
log1010 22x
ee

( X m / 2B )2
2 2 B X m
2

12
12
12
2
e

12 2 2 B 2x
Xm
6.02 B 10.8 20 log10

SNR 10 log10
2
Xm

x
x

( )
x x SNR 6dB
X~N(0, x2) P(|X|<4x )0.00064