Turbomachines: (Physical Interpretation: What Are We Doing Today?)

TURBOMACHINES
[ physical interpretation: what are we doing today? ]
Turbomachines are fluid machines that are based on a spinning rotor
The rotor will typically have blades, deflectors, or buckets on it to effect

interaction with the fluid
We can loosely divide turbomachines into two categories, pumps and

turbines
Pumps add energy to the fluid and turbines remove it
87-351 Fluid Mechanics
TURBOMACHINES
[ physical interpretation: what are we doing today? ]
Who cares?
TURBOMACHINES
[ radial, mixed, and axial flow machines ]
Turbomachines can be further subdivided into three other categories

depending on whether they are radial, mixed flow, or axial flow
configurations
This is defined by the manner in which the flow moves relative to the machine
rotor
radial flow turbomachine
axial flow turbomachine
In radial flow machines, there exists a significant radial flow component at the
inlet, exit, or both -- in mixed (not pure radial) machines, the flow can have
some radial and axial components through the rotor row
TURBOMACHINES
[ centrifugal pumps ]
Centrifugal pumps represent one of the most common radial flow

turbomachines
There are two main components to the machine, a rotating impeller and a
stationary housing or volute
a centrifugal pump
TURBOMACHINES
[ centrifugal pumps ]
As the impeller rotates, it pulls fluid in through the eye at its centre and
then is thrown radially outward to the walls of the casing
The casings are generally shaped to reduce the velocity and kinetic energy of
the flow, converting this to a gain in pressure energy
a centrifugal pump
Pumps can be single or double suction (double suction reduces inlet velocity)
Pumps can also be single or multistage --- discharge from the first impeller
flows into the eye of the second stage, each stage augments the pressure
TURBOMACHINES
[ centrifugal pumps: theory ]
For analysis, we simplify the three dimensional, unsteady flow in a pump

to a steady (in the mean) one dimensional flow
We consider simple vector triangles to resolve the velocity directions and

magnitudes at pump inlet and outlets
a centrifugal pump
TURBOMACHINES
The absolute velocity, V, of the flow entering or leaving the passage is a

vector sum of the blade velocity, U, and the relative velocity W
V=W+U
- [1]
where:
U1 = r1
- [2]
U2 = r2
- [3]
here 1 denotes entrance

conditions and 2 denotes exit
TURBOMACHINES
We know from the moment of momentum equation that the torque required to
rotate the pump impeller is given by
- [4]
- [5]
here the V1 and V2 are the

tangential components of the
absolute velocities V1 and V2
TURBOMACHINES
Quantification of the power added to the fluid by the pump can be easily had
by examining the following
We know
- [6]
subbing in our expression [5] for

Tshaft
- [7]
which we can write (employing U =

r)
- [8]
[8] shows us how power is

transferred to the fluid
TURBOMACHINES
It is also important for us to quantify the head a pump supplies to a fluid, this
can be had via [9]
- [9]
combining [9] with [8] we can

write
- [10]
[10] represents the ideal head rise

a fluid experiences in passing
through a pump
We realize that this amount will be

ultimately compromised by the
head losses through the pump
components
TURBOMACHINES
[ centrifugal pumps: theory: net positive suction head (NPSH) ]
Pressures can become very low on the suction side of a pump
In some situations pressures can drop to below the vapor pressure of the
fluid, at this pressure bubbles will form in the liquid and the liquid will
effectively boil at the current temperature
Cavitation can significantly reduce efficiency and cause the pump structural
damage
It is the difference between the total head on the suction side near the pump
impeller inlet, ps/ + V2s/2g, and the liquid vapor pressure head, pv/ that
characterizes the potential for cavitation
This difference is called the NPSH, where

- [11]
There are two types of NPSH, the NPSH required, NPSHR and the NPSH
available, NPSHA
TURBOMACHINES
The NPSHR refers to that amount of head that must be maintained or

exceeded to avoid cavitation
The NPSHA refers the head that actually occurs for the entire hydraulic system,
we can determine this value by calculation if the system parameters are
known, otherwise it is determined from experiment
If we apply the energy equation between the liquid free surface and suction
side of the impeller, we get
- [12]
Where hL represents the losses from the free surface to the impeller inlet
Therefore, the head available at the inlet is
- [13]
TURBOMACHINES
Then we can say

- [14]
Then we can say that to successfully avoid cavitation

- [15]
We learn from [14] that as the pump elevation, z, or hL increase, the NPSHA
decreases, thus there is always a finite height (above some datum) at which
the pump will not operate
TURBOMACHINES
[ centrifugal pumps: theory: net positive suction head (NPSH): example ]
GIVEN: Water is pumped at 0.5

cfs, at this flowrate the
NPSHR is 15 ft, water
temperature is 80oF and
atmospheric pressure is
14.7 psi
REQD: Determine the max height above the water free surface, z1 that
the pump can be situated to avoid cavitation the only loss to be
considered is the inlet filter that has a loss coefficient KL=20
TURBOMACHINES
SOLU: 1. We know the available

NPSH can be computed
- [E1]
2. Our max elevation will occur when the
limiting condition of NPSHA=NPSHR
- [E2]
3. The only headloss we have to consider is the minor loss, so let us
pick up the velocity
- [E3]
TURBOMACHINES
SOLU: 4. The velocity then

- [E4]
5. Now we can solve for hL

- [E5]
6. Now we pick up the vapor pressure and specific weight at 80oF

from tabulated values, and solve for z1max
- [ans]
TURBOMACHINES
[ centrifugal pumps: theory: pump parameters and similarity laws ]
We have learned that the principal dependent pump variables are the actual
head rise, ha, the shaft power, Wdotshaft, and of course the pump efficiency,
It is reasonable to expect that these variables will depend on the geometrical

configuration which we would typically represent by a characteristic diameter, D,
and other relevant lengths, li; other important variables would include the
flowrate, Q, the shaft rotational speed, , the fluid viscosity, , and finally, the
fluid density,
The results of dimensional analysis, show us that three primary parameters will
emerge from the variables mentioned above, CH, CP, and
TURBOMACHINES
Where
- [16]
- [17]
- [18]
CH is deemed the head rise coefficient, CP is the power coefficient, and of

course, represents the efficiency
TURBOMACHINES
We observe from the preceding expressions [16-18], that the typically high
Reynolds numbers that are associated with pumped flows will render the last pi
term negligible, and relative roughness pi term will also be neglected on the
basis of the highly irregular shape of the pump casing being the governing
geometric factor
This said, we can say that the similarity laws may be expressed as
- [19]
- [20]
Here, we call the

bracketed term, the flow
coefficient, CQ
- [22]
- [21]
TURBOMACHINES
Now we can say that if two pumps are operated at the same flow coefficient
- [23]
then
- [24]
Here, subscripts 1 and 2 refer to two

geometrically similar pumps
The existence of these pump scaling laws

allow us to utilize laboratory data to predict
different operating conditions
- [25]
- [26]
TURBOMACHINES
Pictured above we have typical performance data for a 12 inch impeller

centrifugal pump (left) and dimensionless characteristic curves that represent a
family of geometrically similar pumps
TURBOMACHINES
[ centrifugal pumps: theory: pump parameters and similarity laws: example ]
GIVEN:
REQD:
An 8 inch centrifugal pump operating at 1200 rpm is geometrically

similar to the 12 inch pump depicted in the performance characteristic
curves shown in the figure below. Assume the 12 inch pump is
operating at 1000 rpm and water is the working fluid at 60oF
For peak efficiency predict the discharge, actual head rise, and shaft
horsepower for the smaller pump
TURBOMACHINES
[ centrifugal pumps: theory: pump parameters and similarity laws:
example ]
SOLU:
1. Now, we have learned, for a geometrically similar family of pumps,

the flow coefficient will have the same value for the same efficiency
2. So, at peak efficiency, CQ=0.0625, therefore for our 8 inch pump

- [E1]
- [ans]
TURBOMACHINES
example ]
SOLU:
3. Now, we can pick up the actual head rise and shaft horsepower
following the same methodology, as at peak , CH=0.19, and CP=0.014
thus
- [ans]
- [ans]
TURBOMACHINES
example ]
SOLU:
4. We just solved for shaft horsepower (supplied to the shaft), now we

seek to determine the power actually acquired by the fluid
- [E2]
5. From this we can compute the pumps efficiency,
- [E3]
thus, this corroborates our graphical finding earlier in the solution !
TURBOMACHINES
[ centrifugal pumps: theory: pump parameters and similarity laws: specific speed ]
The diameter, D, can be eliminated when the flow coefficient and head rise
coefficient are combined
- [26]
This dimensionless parameter, Ns, is called the specific speed
It is customary to specify a value of specific speed at the flow coefficient

corresponding to peak efficiency
Pumps with low flows and high heads will have lower specific speeds
Pumps with high flows and low heads will have higher specific speeds
The specific speed, Ns, is used to help determine which pump type is most
appropriate for a given application
TURBOMACHINES
[ centrifugal pumps: theory: pump parameters and similarity laws: specific speed ]
- [26]
If the flowrate, head, and speed are specified, Ns can be computed and
appropriate pump type can be selected
TURBOMACHINES
[ turbines: a brief
look ]
Most turbines are classified as either impulse or reaction turbines
An impulse turbine is driven by a tangential inflow, the total head of this flow
(elevation, pressure, velocity), is converted to velocity head at the exit of the
flow supply nozzle
There is no pressure drop across the rotor in an impulse turbine (all of the
pressure drop occurs at the nozzle)
A reaction turbine is driven by an axial flow, the rotor in a reaction turbine

experiences a large static pressure drop
impulse turbine
reaction turbine
TURBOMACHINES
[ turbines: a brief
look ]
A Pelton Wheel is an example of an impulse turbine, you can find one in your
lawn sprinkler
An automotive turbocharger is an example of a reaction turbine (gas

compressor)
single stage turbo

intercooled, double stage compressor

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TURBOMACHINES

[ physical interpretation: what are we doing today? ]

Turbomachines are fluid machines that are based on a spinning rotor

The rotor will typically have blades, deflectors, or buckets on it to effect

We can loosely divide turbomachines into two categories, pumps and

Pumps add energy to the fluid and turbines remove it

87-351 Fluid Mechanics

87-351 Fluid Mechanics

Turbomachines can be further subdivided into three other categories

axial flow turbomachine

Centrifugal pumps represent one of the most common radial flow

87-351 Fluid Mechanics

For analysis, we simplify the three dimensional, unsteady flow in a pump

We consider simple vector triangles to resolve the velocity directions and

87-351 Fluid Mechanics

The absolute velocity, V, of the flow entering or leaving the passage is a

here 1 denotes entrance

87-351 Fluid Mechanics

here the V1 and V2 are the

87-351 Fluid Mechanics

subbing in our expression [5] for

which we can write (employing U =

[8] shows us how power is

87-351 Fluid Mechanics

combining [9] with [8] we can

[10] represents the ideal head rise

We realize that this amount will be

Pressures can become very low on the suction side of a pump

This difference is called the NPSH, where

The NPSHR refers to that amount of head that must be maintained or

Therefore, the head available at the inlet is

Then we can say

Then we can say that to successfully avoid cavitation

87-351 Fluid Mechanics

GIVEN: Water is pumped at 0.5

87-351 Fluid Mechanics

SOLU: 1. We know the available

SOLU: 4. The velocity then

5. Now we can solve for hL

6. Now we pick up the vapor pressure and specific weight at 80oF

It is reasonable to expect that these variables will depend on the geometrical

87-351 Fluid Mechanics

CH is deemed the head rise coefficient, CP is the power coefficient, and of

87-351 Fluid Mechanics

Here, we call the

Here, subscripts 1 and 2 refer to two

The existence of these pump scaling laws

87-351 Fluid Mechanics

Pictured above we have typical performance data for a 12 inch impeller

An 8 inch centrifugal pump operating at 1200 rpm is geometrically

87-351 Fluid Mechanics

1. Now, we have learned, for a geometrically similar family of pumps,

2. So, at peak efficiency, CQ=0.0625, therefore for our 8 inch pump

87-351 Fluid Mechanics

4. We just solved for shaft horsepower (supplied to the shaft), now we

thus, this corroborates our graphical finding earlier in the solution !

87-351 Fluid Mechanics

This dimensionless parameter, Ns, is called the specific speed

It is customary to specify a value of specific speed at the flow coefficient

87-351 Fluid Mechanics

Most turbines are classified as either impulse or reaction turbines

A reaction turbine is driven by an axial flow, the rotor in a reaction turbine

An automotive turbocharger is an example of a reaction turbine (gas