ENVIRONMENTAL ENERGIES

POSSIBLE WAYS & DESCRIPTIONS

SUSTAINABILITY

"forms of progress that meet the needs of

the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their needs.
-World Commission on Environment and Development.

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF BUILDINGS BY DESIGN
REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF BUILDINGS BY ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEMS

COOLING, LIGHTING E.T.C

GENERATE ON SITE RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR CONSUMPTION
USE REUSABLE/ RECYCLED MATERIALS
REDUCE WASTE
REDUCE WATER CONSUMPTION
USE MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION
HEALTH AND SAFTEY

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

A ZERO CARBON BUILDING IS ONE WHOSE NET CARBON EMISSION IS ZERO ACHIEVEMENT
THORUGH AN INTEGRATED PROCESS : BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN USE PASSIVE METHODS
ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEMS
RENEWABLE ENERGY
LOW ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MATERIALS
HEALTH AND SAFTEY

BUILDING ENERGY THERMAL COMFORT

Thermal comfort is very difficult to define. The best

that you can realistically hope to achieve is a thermal
environment which satisfies the majority of people in
the workplace, or put more simply, reasonable
comfort.
Environmental factors: Air temperature Radiant
temperature Air velocity Humidity Personal factors:
Clothing Insulation Metabolic heat User Activity
THERMAL COMFORT STANDARD CONDITIONS
Optimum air temperature range 20-24 C Radiant
summer temperature of 21 26 C Optimum humidity
range 40-60% min recommended fresh air rate 10 L/s
per 10 m2 Optimum air movement 0.1-0.5 m/s
(naturally ventilated), 0.1-0.2 m/s (air-conditioned).

SOLAR ENERGY

HEAT TRANSFER IN BUILDINGS

THERMAL MASS
Thermal mass is the characteristics of a material to absorb heat, store it, and at a later time, release it.
HOW THERMAL MASS WORKS -In summer, thermal mass absorbs heat that enters the building. In hot

weather, thermal mass has a lower initial temperature than the surrounding air and acts as a heat sink.
By absorbing heat from the atmosphere the internal air temperature is lowered during the day, with the
result that comfort is improved without the need for supplementary cooling.

OPTIMIZE SHADING TO REDUCE HEAT GAIN THROUGH

WINDOWS AND WALLS

THERMAL CONDUCTANCE
- U VALUE

EMISSIVITY - E VALUE

U-value is a measure of a materials ability to

conduct heat. The thermal performance of

windows and walls is commonly stated in Uvalues.

Emissivity is the ability of a surface to emit or transfer radiant energy through itself everything has an E-value

TROMBE WALL
ATrombe wallis apassive solar building design
where a wall is built on the winter sun side of a
building with a glass external layer and a high
heat capacity internal layer separated by a layer
of air.
Light close to UV in the electromagnetic
spectrum passes through the glass almost
unhindered then is absorbed by the wall that
then re-radiates in the far infrared spectrum
which does not pass back through the glass
easily, hence heating the inside of the building.

NANO GEL INSULATION

Solar shading and daylight control using opacity of the glazed
facade using Nano gel insulation. Benefits of Nano gel
insulation: Ultra-low thermal conductivity - as low as 15 mW/mK .
Hydrophobicity
repels water
Non-combustible
Resists settling
Superior acoustic insulation
Durable over time

LIGHT TUBESORSUN PIPES

Physical structures used for transporting or distributing natural or
artificial light for the purpose of illumination, and are examples
ofoptical waveguides. Light pipes may be divided into two broad
categories:
Hollow structures that contain the light with a reflective lining,
and
Transparent solids that contain the light bytotal internal
reflection.

PHOTOVOLTAICS(PV)
Conversion of light

intoelectricityusingsemiconducting materialsthat
exhibit thephotovoltaic effect, a phenomenon studied
in physics,photochemistry, andelectrochemistry.
A typicalphotovoltaic systememployssolar panels,

each comprising a number ofsolar cells, which

generate electrical power. The first step is the
photoelectric effect followed by
anelectrochemicalprocess where crystallized
atoms,ionizedin a series, generate an electric
current.PV Installations may be groundmounted,rooftopmounted or wall mounted.

first-of-its-kind portable charging station for a hybrid

car for VOLVO in LA.

WATER

EVAPORATIVE COOLING
reduction in temperature resulting from the evaporation of a
liquid, which removes latent heat from the surface from which
evaporation takes place. This process is employed in industrial
and domestic cooling systems, and is also the physical basis of
sweating.

EVAPORATIVE COOLING THROUGH WATER BODIES

WATER WALL
Advantages of water wall: They can be very economical, especially since
such units can often be installed in either new
or retrofitted homes with standard
construction techniques.
They are effective for both heatingandcooling,
particularly in areas with low nighttime
temperatures. (Some heat-storage mediums,
such as phase change salts, don't work for
cooling.)
Water walls can be attractively accented or
practically invisible, as desired. Fourth, water is
a more efficient storage medium than are the
other common sources of thermal mass.

HUMIDIFIERS
Ahumidifieris a device that

increaseshumidity(moisture) in a
single room or an entire building.
In the home, point-of-use humidifiers

are commonly used to humidify a single

room, while whole-house or furnace
humidifiers, which connect to a
home'sHVACsystem, provide humidity
to the entire house.
Medicalventilatorsoften include

humidifiers for increased patient

comfort. Large humidifiers are used in
commercial, institutional, or industrial
contexts, often as part of a larger HVAC
system.

SuDS

Asustainable drainage system(SuDS)

is designed to reduce the potential impact

of new and existing developments with
respect to surface water drainage
discharges. The termsustainable urban
drainage systemis not the accepted
name, the 'Urban' reference having been
removed so as to accommodate rural
sustainable water management practices.

GEO-THERMAL
RENEWABLE ENERGY

Illustration of a geothermal heating and cooling system that handles multiple

loads for a community.

INTRODUCTION

CITY STATISTICS

CITY POPULATION :
"Geothermal" comes from the Greek words geo (earth) and therme
(heat). So,
736,045
geothermal means earth heat.
CITY AREA: 219(KM2)
Geothermal energy is the heat stored in earth crust.
DENSITY LEVEL: 3361
Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground(P/KM2)
to hot water and
POPULATION
hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface, and down
even deeper
URBANISED: 66%
to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock called magma.
PARK SPACE PER
It's clean and sustainable.
PERSON:
FEET
Its source is the almost unlimited amount of heat generated by 42
theSQUARE
Earth's
core.
Even in geothermal areas dependent on a reservoir of hot water, the volume
taken out can be reinjected, making it a sustainable energy source.

MAJOR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESOURCES IN INDIA

The various assessment studies and

surveys undertaken so far have
resulted in the identification of 340
hot springs across India in 7
geothermal provinces.
Geothermal Provinces/ geothermal
Belts: Himalayas, Sohana, West
coast, Cambay, Son-Narmada-Tapi
(SONATA), Godavari, and Mahanad.
Potential States: Jammu & Kashmir ,
Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh,
West Bengal, Gujarat, Maharashtra,
Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand,
Andra Pradesh, Orissa, Haryana.

GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS

There are three geothermal power plant technologies being used to convert hydrothermal fluids
to electricity: dry steam (when geothermal temperature is between 180 C and 200 C), flash
steam (when the geothermal energy is available at 150 C -180C temperature) and binary cycle
(when geothermal temperature is between 100 C and 150 C). In India the binary cycle plant is
successful as India is in Low Geothermal Potential region with low/medium heat enthalpy
(between 100C -150C or less than 100C).
A geothermal power plant is having a PLF of 90% and Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) have
COP of greater than 6 (HVAC system have COP of 3 to 4) and the EER values upto 27.

Illustration of basic concept of geothermal power generation

HEAT AND COLD FROM THE GROUND

HEAT REGIME IN UPPER LAYERS OF

BASIC PRINCIPLE

GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP

PRINCIPLE OF SEASONAL / ACTIVE

Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) use the earth's relatively constant temperature between
REGENERATION
16 24 0C at a depth of 20 feet to provide heating, cooling, and hot water for homes and
commercial buildings.
GSHP harvests heat absorbed at the Earth's surface from solar energy.
The temperature in the ground below 6 meters (20 ft) is roughly equal to the mean annual air
temperature at that latitude at the surface it uses the earth as a heat source (in the winter) or
a heat sink (in the summer).
GHPs is effective in all kind of climate zones or can be deployed anywhere in India on 24 x 7

Ground source heat pump

Heating: Earth's heat (the difference

between the earth's temperature and the
colder temperature of the air) is transferred
through the buried pipes into the circulating
liquid and then transferred again into the

Cooling: During hot weather, the

continually circulating fluid in the pipes
'picks up' heat from the building - thus
helping to cool it - and transfers it into

GROUND-SOURCE HEAT PUMP - WORKING

Cost of the GSHP

is site specific for
normal soil it
costs around Rs 1
Lakhs to 1.5
Lakhs per Tones
but if the rock is
encountered

GEO THERMAL ENERGY SYSTEMS

BOREHOLE HEAT
EXCHANGERS:
Individually or as an array of
exchangers, right beside or below
the building at a depth of
between 50 and 150m .
ENERGY PILES:
Heat exchanger piles integrated
into the buildings foundation
piles , which are necessary for
structural purposes . Depth of
between 10 and 30 m. length and
quantity determined by static
considerations.
GROUND ABSORBERS:
Horizontal pipe loops in or
underneath the foundation slab,
similar to underfloor heating .
DIRECT USE OF GROUND
WATER:
Supply well pumps ground water
through heat exchanger, water

TYPES OF GEO-EXCHANGE SYSTEMS

1) earth-couple (closed loop)
system that uses sealed
pipes/tubes-placed vertically or
horizontally, through water or a
mixer of water and antifreeze
circulates transferring heat to and
from the earth.
Horizontal Loop
Vertical Loops
Surface Water Based Loops
(Ponds, Rivers etc)
2) Water source (open loop)
system where water from the
underground aquifer pumps water
to the heat exchanger[9].
Between the two, earth coupled
GHPs are very popular because
they are very adoptable.

DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY(source

below 1500c)

EFFICIENCY

As per the international reports a 1 MW Geothermal Power Plant generates about 8.3 Millions
Units (MU) per MW per annum
A geothermal power plant is having a PLF of 90% and Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs)
have COP of greater than 6 (HVAC system have COP of 3 to 4) and the EER values upto 27.
The GSHP is one of the most efficient residential heating and cooling systems available
today, with heating efficiencies 50 to 70% higher than other heating systems and
cooling efficiencies 40 to 50% higher than available air conditioners. That directly
translates into savings for you on your utility bills.

ADVANTAGES
Proven technology in Abroad from last 50 years with Worldwide installed capacity of 53
GWt in 43 countries.
Reduces power consumption by more than 50%. Hence saves electricity and money.
Payback period of 2-3 years and after that it can be used for 50 year free of cost.
Can easily be installed anywhere in India or it can be retrofitted with existing HVAC system
for higher efficiency.
It has both heating and cooling features and can be used as per the seasonal requirement.
Very Low maintenance cost and has system life of 50 years.
Environment friendly.

CASE STUDY BOSTON UNIVERSITY

From the outside it looks like an ordinary building. But 1,500 feet
below the street is the core of Boston Universitys first
geothermal building: six wells harness the earths energy to
warm and cool the 95,000 square foot space- without the use of
fossil fuels. This ground-source heat pump technology also
eliminates the need for a boiler room and cumbersome heating,
ventilation and air-conditioning systems, allowing for a 3,500
square foot roof garden in the heart of the city.

WIND ENERGY

HOW IS WIND CREATED

Winds are caused by the uneven heating

of the atmosphere by the sun, the
irregularities of the earth's surface, and
rotation of the earth.
Wind flow patterns are modified by the
earth's terrain, bodies of water, and
vegetative cover.
Leading states whereWind
Powerprojects have been installed are
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and
Andhra Pradesh.
TheJaisalmer Wind Parkis India's
largest operational onshore wind farm.
This project located inJaisalmerdistrict,
Rajasthan.

ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER

Wind energy is a domestic, renewable source of energy that generates no
pollution and has little environmental impact.
The wind blows day and night, which allows windmills to produce electricity
throughout the day.
Wind power is very low cost (after the initial production and installation)
Land used for wind farms can also be used for other profitable activities including
farming and forestry.

Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use wind
turbines to produce their own supply.

DISADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER: The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero to storm force.
This means that wind turbines do not produce the same amount of electricity all
the time.
Noise Disturbances : Though wind energy is non pollution, the turbines may
create a lot of noise.
Threat to Wildlife : Due to large scale construction of wind turbines on remote
location, it could be a threat to wild life near by.
Birds are killed by wind turbines.

WHAT IS NATURAL
VENTILATION ?
NATURAL VENTILATION IS THE PROCESS OF SUPPLYING AND REMOVING AIR

THROUGH A SPACE BY NATURAL MEANS IT CAN BE ACHIEVED WITH OPENABLE

WINDOWS OR TRICKLE VENTS.

TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE :-

Temperature differences between

warm air inside and cool air outside
can cause the air in the room to rise
and exit at the ceiling or ridge, and
enter via lower openings in the wall.

STACK EFFECT
:Stack effect depends on thermal forces and difference in temperature .
Reason of stack effect : Pressure difference between the outside air and the air inside the

building caused by difference in temperature

Outdoor
air

Outdoor
air
Section

ORIENTATION OF BUILDINGS
POSITION OF OPENINGS
CROSS VENTILATION
SIZE OF OPENINGS
OPENING TYPES

NATURAL VENTILATION EXTERNAL

FEATURES:-

MASSING AND ORIENTATION OF

BUILDING: AS A GENERAL RULE, THIN TALL BUILDINGS WILL ENCOURAGE NATURAL

VENTILATION AND UTILIZE PREVAILING WINDS, CROSS VENTILATION, AND STACK

EFFECT.
TALL BUILDINGSALSO INCREASE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NATURAL

VENTILATION, BECAUSE WIND SPEEDS ARE FASTER AT GREATER HEIGHTS

Tall buildings improve

natural ventilation, and in
lower latitudes reduce sun
exposure.

OREINTATION :ORIENTING THE BUILDING SO THAT

THE SHORTER AXIS ALIGN WITH THE
PREVAILING WIND

WHILE ORIENTING IT PERPENDICULAR

TO PREVAILING WINDS WILL PROVIDE
THE LEAST PASSIVE VENTILATION.

CROSS VENTILATION:-

WINDOWS OR VENTS PLACED ON OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE

BUILDING GIVE NATURAL BREEZES A PATHWAY THROUGH
THE STRUCTURE.

OPENING SIZE:-

SMALL
INLET

LARGE
OUTLE
T

Pairing a large outlet with a small

inlet increases incoming wind

WIND TURBINES

Figure 1: Horizontal axis (more efficiency)

Figure 2:Vertical axis
Figure 3: The Bahrain World Trade Centre is a good
example of building-integrated wind turbines in a
large-scale commercial building application. The
high-rise building integrates three HAWTs, each
with a 29m rotor diameter, into sky-bridges linking
two 50-storey towers. Total cost for the wind
turbines were reported to be around 3.5% of the
total project cost. The three wind turbines
generate between 1,100MWh to 1,300MWh
annually, meeting about 11% to 15% of the
buildings electricity demands.

BIOMASS ENERGY

WHAT IS BIOMASS?
Biomassisorganic matterderived
from living, or recently living
organisms. Biomass can be used as a
source of energy and it most often
refers to plants or plant-based
materials which are not used for food or
feed.As an energy source, biomass can
either be used directly via combustion
to produce heat, or indirectly after
converting it to various forms ofbiofuel
and biogas.

BIOMASS CONVERSION PROCESS

To generate clean bioenergy requires biomass power generation facilities with advanced
technologies that can process these materials under controlled conditions.
(A) BIOCHEMICAL
This process uses microorganism to produce bioenergy. The biochemical production process
uses several different technologies, such as
1. anaerobic fermentation that convert plant , human and animal waste into biogas and
fertilizers
2. Anaerobic digestion that uses microbial decomposition of biomass in landfills.
(B) THERMOCHEMICAL
Although this process does not produce bioenergy , it converts bioenergy in to a convenient
form of bioenergy carrier, such as methanol gas, gas or oil.
(C) COMBUSTION
This process is used for direct power generation. It is one of the most efficient conversion
technologies today with 30 percent efficiency in electricity generation and more than 75
percent in co generation of electricity and heat .

BIOENERGY TYPES
There are primarily two types of bioenergy TRADIONAL and ADVANCED.
TRADIONAL BIOENERGY comes mostly
from solid biomass source ,such as wood
,charcoal and other biomass pellets.
Currently, over 80 percent of the energy
from traditional solid biomass sources
consumed as fuel for heating and cooking is
generated with minimal efficiency.
ADVANCED BIOENERGY requires
converting biomass into a liquid
biofuel, have increased dramatically in
recent years ; other forms (e.g.
ethanol, biodiesel, and algae fuel) are
in use .

ADVANCED BIOENERGY TYPES

LIQUID BIOENERGY
Liquid bioenergy is derived from plants and
animal fats. Although they only make up
about 2 percent of the transportation fuel
today , they are expected to replace existing
fossil fuels in future.
There are two major bioenergy types
Bioethanol made from sugar and starch
Biodiesel --made from plants oil and animal
fats.

GAS ENERGY
Gas bioenergy is derived from methane and
carbon dioxide, which are produced when
bacteria break down biomass (e.g. animal,
municipal and energy crops). Major forms of
bioenergy
Biogas
Bio propane
Syngas
Synthetic natural gas (SNG)

INEOS BIO PRODUCES CELLULOSIC ETHANOL AT

COMMERCIAL SCALE
INEOS BioIndian River BioEnergy Center (Centre) is now

producing cellulosic ethanol at commercial scale. This is

the first commercial-scale production in the world using
INEOS Bios breakthrough gasification and fermentation
technology for conversion of biomass waste into
bioethanol and renewable power.
INEOS Indian River BioEnergy is first-of-its-kind advanced

bio-energy facility in Vero Beach in Florida, US. was built

with an investment of more than $130m. It is the first
commercial scale plant to produce third generation
bioethanol.
The project broke ground in February 2011. Construction

was completed in June 2012 and the plant began

production in October 2012. The plant was constructed on
a site which was earlier an agricultural processing facility.
The Vero Beach plant produces 8m gallons of bioethanol

annually, which generates $19m of annual revenue.