Chapter 11

Muscular System:
Axial and
Appendicular
Muscles
Sections 11.1 11.4
*Lecture Outline Part 1
of 2
*See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all
figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint
without notes.

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Muscular System: Axial and

Appendicular Muscles
Skeletal system: axial and appendicular divisions
Axial muscles

Have origins and insertions on axial skeleton

Support and move the head and vertebral column
Function in nonverbal communication
Move the mandible during chewing
Aid breathing
Support and protect the abdominal and pelvic organs

Muscular System: Axial and

Appendicular Muscles
Appendicular muscles
Control movements of upper and lower limbs
Control movements of pectoral and pelvic girdles
Organized into groups based on locations

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Deep

Superficial
Frontal belly
of occipitofrontalis
Orbicularis oculi

Temporalis

Zygomaticus major

Masseter

Orbicularis oris
Sternocleidomastoid
Sternohyoid

Platysma

Figure 11.1a

Trapezius

Pectoralis minor

Deltoid
Pectoralis major

Serratus anterior

Triceps brachii

External intercostal
Internal intercostal

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
External oblique
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus

Rectus abdominis
Transversus abdominis
Internal oblique (cut)
External oblique (cut)
Iliopsoas

Tensor fasciae
latae

Pectineus

Adductor
longus
Sartorius
Gracilis
Rectus femoris
Quadriceps
femoris

Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius

Fibularis longus
Tibialis anterior
Extensor
digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longus

(a) Anterior view

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Deep

Superficial

Occipital belly of
occipitofrontalis

Semispinalis capitis

Sternocleidomastoid

Figure 11.1b

Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis
Levator scapulae
Supraspinatus
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major

Trapezius
Deltoid
Teres minor
Teres major
Triceps brachii

Serratus anterior

Latissimus dorsi

Serratus posterior inferior

External oblique
Internal oblique

Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi
ulnaris

Erector spinae

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius (cut)
Piriformis
Quadratus femoris

Gluteus maximus

Adductor
magnus
Biceps femoris
Hamstrings

Gracilis
Iliotibial tract

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Calcaneal tendon

(b) Posterior view

Skeletal Muscles Composition and Actions

Learning Objectives:
1) Compare and contrast the origin and insertion of a skeletal
muscle.
2) Describe and differentiate between the organizational patterns
in muscle fascicles.
3) Differentiate between agonists, antagonists, and synergists.

Skeletal Muscles Composition and Actions:

Origin and Insertion
Origin
Less movable attachment of a muscle
E.g., biceps brachii, origin on the scapula

Insertion
More movable attachment of a muscle
Usually pulled toward the origin
E.g., biceps brachii, insertion on the radius
contraction pulls forearm toward the shoulder

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Origins

Figure 11.2

Relaxed
muscle

Contracted
muscle

Tendon
Movement of
insertion site of muscle

Insertion

Skeletal Muscles Composition and Actions:

Origin and Insertion
Special criteria for origin and insertion
Sometimes not easily determined by movement or position
E.g., muscle extending between broad aponeurosis and narrow tendon
aponeurosis considered the origin
tendon attached to insertion

E.g., several tendons at one muscle end, and one at the other end
each of multiple tendons considered an origin
single tendon considered the insertion

Skeletal Muscles Composition and Actions:

Origin and Insertion
What is the difference between the origin
and insertion of a skeletal muscle?
The origin is the less movable attachment of a
muscle.
The insertion is the more movable attachment of a
muscle.

Skeletal Muscles Composition and Actions:

Organizational Patterns of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Varied organization of fascicles
Four patterns of fascicle arrangement:

circular
parallel
convergent
pennate

Skeletal Muscles Composition and Actions:

Organizational Patterns of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Circular muscles

Have concentrically arranged fibers

Oriented around an opening or recess
Also called a sphincter
Contraction decreasing passageway diameter
E.g., orbicularis oris muscle
encircles opening of the mouth

Skeletal Muscles Composition and Actions:

Organizational Patterns of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Parallel muscles
Fascicles parallel to long axis
Sometimes cylindrical with expanded central regions
have central body, the belly

Shortens when it contracts

Body increasing in diameter
High endurance muscles but lack strength
E.g., rectus abdominis or biceps brachii

Skeletal Muscles Composition and Actions:

Organizational Patterns of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Convergent muscles
Widespread muscle fibers over a broad area
converge on common attachment site
may be tendon, tendinous sheet, or band of collagen fibers

Often triangular in shape

Skeletal Muscles Composition and Actions:

Organizational Patterns of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Convergent muscles (continued)
Direction of pull modifiable
activate single group of muscle fibers

Do not pull as hard as parallel muscle

fibers pulling in different directions

E.g., pectoralis major

Skeletal Muscles Composition and Actions:

Organizational Patterns of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Pennate muscles

Fascicles arranged at oblique angle to the tendon

One or more tendons extending through muscle body
Resemble a feather
Pull at an angle on the tendon
do not move tendons as far as parallel muscles
generate more tension than parallel muscle, stronger

Three types:
unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

Skeletal Muscles Composition and Actions:

Organizational Patterns of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Pennate muscles (continued)
Unipennate muscle
all fibers on same side of tendon
e.g., extensor digitorum

Bipennate muscle
most common type
muscle fibers on both sides of tendon
e.g., interosseous muscles on palmar and dorsal metacarpals

Multipennate muscle
branches of tendon within the muscle
e.g., deltoid

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Circular
(orbicularis oris)

Parallel
(rectus abdominis)

Convergent
(pectoralis major)

Figure 11.3

Unipennate
(extensor digitorum)

Bipennate
(rectus femoris)
Pennate

Multipennate
(deltoid)

Skeletal Muscles Composition and Actions:

Organizational Patterns of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Which muscle is strongera pennate
muscle or a parallel muscle?
A pennate muscle

Skeletal Muscle Composition and Actions:

Actions of Skeletal Muscles
Muscles grouped by primary actions
Agonist
muscle that contracts to produce a movement
e.g., triceps brachii, the agonist extending the forearm

Antagonist

actions oppose that of the agonist

contraction of agonist stretches antagonist and vice versa
adjusts tension in stretched muscle for smooth movement
e.g., biceps brachii, an antagonist for triceps brachii

Skeletal Muscle Composition and Actions:

Actions of Skeletal Muscles
Muscles grouped by primary actions (continued)
Synergist

muscle assisting agonist

may contribute to tension close to insertion
may stabilize point of origin
most useful at start of a movement
when agonist stretched and cannot exert much power
e.g., biceps brachii and brachialis muscle
work synergistically to flex elbow joint

Skeletal Muscle Composition and Actions:

Actions of Skeletal Muscles
What is the difference between an agonist
and a synergist?
An agonist is the primary muscle that contracts to
produce a particular movement.
A synergist is a muscle that assists the agonist in
performing its actions.

Skeletal Muscle Composition and Actions:

Actions of Skeletal Muscles
Clinical View: Intramuscular Injections

One route of medication administration

May be inserted into muscle with a syringe
Medication to cardiovascular system through muscles blood vessels
Allows large amount of medication given at once
Ensures slower and more uniform delivery than orally or intravenously
E.g., vaccines, some contraceptive medications, some antibiotics
Common sites: deltoid, gluteal, quadriceps

Skeletal Muscle Naming

Learning Objectives:
1) List the seven aspects of muscles that may contribute to their
names.
2) Give examples of muscles whose names contain an indication
of action, specific body region, shape, or size.

Skeletal Muscle Naming

Named according to the following
Muscle action
indicate primary function
e.g., flexor, extensor, pronator
e.g., flexor digitorum longus muscle flexing the digits

Specific body regions

tibialis anterior on anterior surface of tibia
muscles close to surface often superficialis or externus
deeper muscles often profundus or internus

Skeletal Muscle Naming

Named according to the following (continued)
Muscle attachment
many identify origins, insertions, attachments
first part origin, second part insertion
e.g., sternocleidomastoid
origins on sternum and clavicle
insertion on mastoid process

Skeletal Muscle Naming

Named according to the following (continued)
Orientation of muscle fibers
rectus for lengthwise fibers
oblique for fibers extending at an angle
e.g., internal oblique muscles

Muscle shape

deltoid, like a triangle; rhomboid, like a rhombus

orbicularis, circular; trapezius, like a trapezoid
brevis, short muscles
longus, long muscles; and others

Skeletal Muscle Naming

Named according to the following (continued)
Muscle size
magnus, big; maximus, biggest
minor, small; minimus, smallest; and others
e.g., gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus

Muscle head/tendons or origin

names for tendons of origin, muscle bellies
biceps muscle, two tendons of origin
quadriceps muscle, four heads or tendons

See Figure 11.4 for more examples

Skeletal Muscle Naming

What are some words used in muscle names
that refer to muscle shape?
Deltoid (triangle shaped); orbicularis (circular);
rhomboid (like a rhombus); trapezius (like a
trapezoid); brevis (short); longus (long)

Muscles of the Head and Neck

Learning Objectives:
1) Name the muscles that move the forehead, the skin around the
eyes and the nose, and describe their actions.
2) List the muscles that move the mouth and cheeks and their
actions.
3) Become familiar with the six extrinsic muscles of the eye, and
describe how each affects eye movement.
4) Name the three cranial nerves that innervate the extrinsic eye
muscles, and identify which muscles they act upon.
5) Describe how each of the four muscles of mastication affects
mandibular movement.

Muscles of the Head and Neck

Learning Objectives:
6) Describe the actions of the intrinsic muscles and the four
paired extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
7) Explain what function the three primary muscles of the
pharynx accomplish.
8) Contrast the actions of the four suprahyoid muscles and the
four infrahyoid muscles.
9) Compare and contrast the actions of the anterolateral neck
muscles and the posterior neck muscles.

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of Facial Expression
Characteristics

Originate in superficial fascia or skull bones

Insert into superficial fascia of skin
Cause it to move during contraction
Most innervated by seventh cranial nerve and facial nerve

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of Facial Expression
Muscles of forehead and eyes
Epicranius
composed of occipitofrontalis muscle and epicranial aponeurosis

Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis

superficial to frontal bone
raises eyebrows when contracts

Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis

covers posterior skull
retracts scalp slightly when contracts

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of Facial Expression
Muscles of forehead and eyes (continued)
Corrugator supercilii
draws eyebrows together

Orbicularis oculi
circular muscle fibers surrounding orbit
closes eyelid during contraction

Levator palpebrae superioris

elevates upper eyelid when opening eyes

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of Facial Expression
Muscles associated with the nose
Nasalis
elevates corners of the nostrils for flared nostrils

Procerus
wrinkle nose in distaste
continuous with frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of Facial Expression
Muscles associated with the mouth
Orbicularis oris
encircle opening of the mouth
contracts when mouth closes or puckers

Depressor labii inferioris

pulls lower lip inferiorly

Depressor anguli oris

pulls corners of the mouth inferiorly
a frown muscle

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of Facial Expression
Muscles associated with the mouth (continued)
Levator labii superioris
pulls upper lip superiorly

Levator anguli oris

pulls corners of mouth superiorly and laterally
works with zygomaticus major and minor in smiling

Risorius
pulls corner of the lips laterally

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of Facial Expression
Muscles associated with the mouth (continued)
Mentalis
attaches to lower lip
protrudes lip when contracted

Platysma
tenses skin of neck and pulls lower lip inferiorly

Buccinator
compresses the cheek against the teeth when chewing

See Table 11.1: Muscles of Facial Expression

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Figure 11.5a

Epicranius

Superficial

Deep

Epicranial
aponeurosis
Frontal belly
of occipitofrontalis

Procerus

Corrugator supercilii
Levator palpebrae
superioris

Orbicularis oculi
Nasalis
Levator labii superioris
Zygomaticus minor

Levator anguli oris (cut)

Masseter
Buccinator

Zygomaticus major
Risorius
Depressor anguli oris
Depressor labii inferioris

Orbicularis oris
Mentalis

Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid

(a) Anterior view

Figure 11.5b
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Epicranial
aponeurosis
Epicranius

Frontal belly
of occipitofrontalis

Temporalis

Occipital belly
of occipitofrontalis
Orbicularis oculi
Levator labii superioris
Zygomaticus minor
Levator anguli oris
Zygomaticus major

Masseter
Buccinator

Orbicularis oris
Sternocleidomastoid

Mentalis
Depressor labii inferioris
Depressor anguli oris
Platysma

(b) Lateral view

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Depressor anguli oris

(frown)

Orbicularis oculi
(blink/close eyes)

Zygomaticus major
(smile)

Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis

(wrinkle forehead, raise eyebrows)

Platysma
(tense skin of neck)

Figure 11.6

Orbicularis oris
(close mouth/kiss)

(all): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./JW Ramsey, photographer

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of Facial Expression
What muscles of facial expression must
contract for you to smile?
Levator anguli oris, zygomaticus major, and
zygomaticus minor

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of Facial Expression
The corners of the mouth are pulled
inferiorly into a frown position by the
contraction of what muscle?
Depressor anguli oris

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of Facial Expression
Clinical View: Idiopathic Facial Nerve Paralysis
May be without known cause (idiopathic)
Also known as Bell palsy
Facial nerve inflamed and compressed
muscles on same side paralyzed

Prednisone often used to reduce swelling

Level and timing of recovery varies

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Extrinsic eye muscles

Often called extraocular muscles

Moves the eyes
Inserts onto outer surface of the eye
Six muscles:
four rectus muscles and two oblique muscles

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Rectus eye muscles
Originate from a common tendinous ring
Medial rectus
attaches to anteromedial surface of eye
pulls eye medially
innervated by CN III (oculomotor)

Lateral rectus
attaches to anterolateral surface of eye
pulls eye laterally
innervated by CN VI (abducens)

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Rectus eye muscles (continued)
Inferior rectus
attaches to anteroinferior surface of eye
pulls eye inferiorly and medially
innervated by CN III (oculomotor)

Superior rectus
attaches to anterosuperior surface of eye
pulls eye superiorly and medially
innervated by CN III (oculomotor)

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Oblique eye muscles
Inferior oblique
attaches to inferior posterior surface of eye
elevates and turns eye laterally
innervated by CN III (oculomotor)

Superior oblique
depresses and turns the eye laterally
passes through pulleylike loop, trochlea
attached to superior posterior eye
innervated by CN IV (trochlear)

See Table 11.2: Extrinsic Eye Muscles

Figure 11.7a
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Trochlea
Superior oblique
Frontal bone
Superior rectus

Orbicularis
oculi

Common tendinous ring

Optic nerve
Lateral rectus
Inferior rectus

Maxilla

Inferior oblique

(a) Lateral view, right eye

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Figure 11.7b

Trochlea
Superior rectus
Superior oblique

Orbicularis
oculi

Medial rectus
Optic nerve

Inferior oblique
Common
tendinous ring
Inferior rectus
(b) Medial view, right eye

Figure 11.7c
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Trochlea
Superior rectus

Superior oblique
Lateral rectus
Optic canal
Common
tendinous ring
Inferior oblique
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus

(c) Anterior view of right orbit, eye removed

Figure 11.7d

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Sagittal axis

Trochlea

Center of eye

Inferior oblique

Coronal axis

Inferior rectus Lateral rectus

Medial rectus

Superior rectus
(d) Superior view

Superior oblique

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Which extrinsic eye muscles abduct the eye
(move the eye laterally)?
Lateral rectus (abducts eye),
Inferior and superior oblique (Both abduct eye; also
move the eye superiorly and inferiorly, respectively.)

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx
Muscles of mastication
Term refers to process of chewing
Move mandible at temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Four paired muscles:
temporalis, masseter, and lateral and medial pterygoids

Innervated by CN V (trigeminal)

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx
Muscles of mastication (continued)
Temporalis
elevates and pulls the mandible posteriorly (retracts)
broad, fan-shaped muscle
from temporal lines of skull to coronoid process of mandible

Masseter
elevates and pulls the mandible anteriorly (protracts)
most powerful and import masticatory muscle
superficial to the temporalis

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx
Muscles of mastication (continued)
Medial and lateral pterygoid

arises from pterygoid process of sphenoid bone

inserts on mandible
moves it from side to side during chewing
maximizes efficiency of teeth while chewing

Medial pterygoid
also elevates the mandible

See Table 11.3: Muscles of Mastication

Figure 11.8
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Temporalis
(cut)

Temporalis

Lateral
pterygoid
Masseter

Medial
pterygoid

Buccinator

Buccinator

Orbicularis
oris

(a) Superficial lateral view

Orbicularis
oris

(b) Deep lateral view

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx
Muscles that move the tongue
Tongue itself is a big mobile muscle
Consists of intrinsic muscles
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

originates on head and neck structures

inserts on tongue
ends in suffix glossus
produces movements required for speech and manipulating food
most innervated by CN XII, hypoglossal nerve

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx
Muscles that move the tongue (continued)
Left and right genioglossus
originates on mandible
protracts (stick out) the tongue

Left and right styloglossus

originates on styloid process of temporal bone
elevates and retracts the tongue

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx
Muscles that move the tongue (continued)
Left and right hypoglossus
originates hyoid bone
depresses and retracts the tongue

Left and right palatoglossus

originates on soft palate
elevates posterior portion of the tongue

See Table 11.4: Muscles That Move the Tongue

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Figure 11.9

Styloid
process

Tongue

Palatoglossus
Styloglossus

Genioglossus

Stylohyoid

Mandible (cut)

Hyoglossus

Geniohyoid
Hyoid bone

Thyroid cartilage

Right lateral view

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx
Pharynx muscles
The pharynx

Funnel-shaped tube posterior to oral and nasal cavities

Formed by several muscles
Several muscles attached
Aids in swallowing

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx
Pharynx muscles (continued)
Innervated by CN X (vagus)
Pharyngeal constricts the primary muscles
superior, middle, inferior

Contracts sequentially to force bolus into esophagus

Other pharyngeal muscles
help elevate or tense palate when swallowing

See Table 11.5: Muscles of the Pharnyx

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Figure 11.10
Tensor veli
palatini
Levator veli
palatini
Superior constrictor
Stylopharyngeus
Middle constrictor

Inferior constrictor

Esophagus
Right lateral view

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx
What movements do the medial and lateral
pterygoid muscles perform?
Both protract the mandible and move it side to side.
Medial pterygoid also elevates the mandible.

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx
What is the general function of the extrinsic
muscles of the tongue?
They help produce tongue movements required for
food manipulation within the mouth and for proper
speech.

Muscles of the Head and NeckMuscles of

the Anterior Neck: The Hyoid Muscles
Suprahyroid muscles
Superior to the hyoid bone
Associated with the floor of the mouth
Act to elevate hyoid bone during swallowing or speaking

Muscles of the Head and NeckMuscles of

the Anterior Neck: The Hyoid Muscles
Suprahyroid muscles (continued)
Digastric

also helps depress mandible

has two bellies, anterior and posterior
anterior from mental protuberance to hyoid
posterior continuing from hyoid to mastoid process

Geniohyoid
elevates hyoid bone
attaches to mental spines of mandible

Muscles of the Head and NeckMuscles of

the Anterior Neck: The Hyoid Muscles
Suprahyroid muscles (continued)
Mylohyoid
elevates hyoid bone and raises mouth floor
provides muscular floor to the mouth
attaches to mylohyoid line of mandible

Stylohyoid
elevates hyoid, elongating oral cavity during swallowing
attaches to styloid process

Muscles of the Head and NeckMuscles of

the Anterior Neck: The Hyoid Muscles
Infrahyoid muscles

Inferior to the hyoid bone

Influences position of hyoid and larynx as swallowing is completed
Either depresses hyoid or thyroid cartilage of larynx
Helps anchor hyoid so digastric can depress mandible

Muscles of the Head and NeckMuscles of

the Anterior Neck: The Hyoid Muscles
Infrahyoid muscles (continued)
Omohyoid
depresses hyoid
contains two muscle bellies anchored by fascia sling
extends from superior border of scapula to hyoid

Sternohyoid
depresses hyoid bone
extends from sternum to hyoid

Muscles of the Head and NeckMuscles of

the Anterior Neck: The Hyoid Muscles
Infrahyroid muscles (continued)
Sternothyroid
depresses thyroid cartilage
returns to original position after swallowing
extends from sternum to thyroid cartilage of larynx

Thyrohyoid
depresses hyoid bone and elevates thyroid cartilage
closes off larynx during swallowing
extends from thyroid cartilage to hyoid

See Table 11.6: Muscles of the Anterior Neck

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Deep

Superficial

Figure 11.11

Mylohyoid
Suprahyoid
muscles

Genioglossus

Stylohyoid
Digastric:
Anterior belly
Posterior belly

Geniohyoid
Hyoglossus

Suprahyoid
muscles

Hyoid bone

Infrahyoid
muscles

Omohyoid

Thyrohyoid

Sternohyoid

Sternothyroid
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
muscles

Trapezius

Clavicle

Anterior view

Infrahyoid
muscles

Muscles of the Head and NeckMuscles of the

Anterior Neck: The Hyoid Muscles
List the four suprahyoid muscles, and
describe a common function for them.
Digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid
All elevate the hyoid bone.

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles That Move the Head and Neck
Anterolateral neck muscles
All flex the head and/or neck
Sternocleidomastoid
extends from sternum and clavicle to mastoid process
contraction of both (bilateral contraction)
neck flexed
contraction of one (unilateral contraction)
lateral flexion of head to its side
rotation of head to opposite side

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles That Move the Head and Neck
Anterolateral neck muscles (continued)
Scalene muscles

anterior, middle, and posterior

works with sternocleidomastoid to flex neck
extends from transverse process of cervical vertebrae
extends to superior surface of 1st and 2nd ribs
elevates first and second ribs during forced inhalation

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Figure 11.12

Stylohyoid
Posterior belly of digastric
Splenius capitis

Mylohyoid

Levator scapulae

Anterior belly of digastric

Thyrohyoid
Inferior constrictor

Sternocleidomastoid

Sternothyroid
Superior belly of omohyoid

Scalene muscles

Sternohyoid
Trapezius
Inferior belly of omohyoid
Platysma (cut)

Anterolateral view

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles That Move the Head and Neck
Posterior neck muscles
Many working to extend the head and/or neck
Trapezius
helps extend head and neck
primary function is to help move pectoral girdle

Left and right splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, semispinalis capitis,

longissimus capitis
when contracted bilaterally, extend neck
when contracted unilaterally, turn head and neck to same side

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles That Move the Head and Neck
Posterior neck muscles (continued)
Suboccipital muscles
obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior
turns head to same side
rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor
extends the head and neck

See Table 11.7: Muscles That Move the Head and Neck

Figure 11.13

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Deep

Deeper
Rectus capitis
posterior minor
Rectus capitis
posterior major

Posterior
Semispinalis capitis
Neck
Muscles
Sternocleidomastoid
(Figure
Splenius
capitis
11.13)

Obliquus capitis superior

Obliquus capitis inferior
Longissimus capitis
Semispinalis capitis (cut)

Levator scapulae

Splenius capitis (cut)

Splenius cervicis

Posterior view

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles That Move the Head and Neck
Which neck muscles extend the neck?

Many of the posterior neck muscles extend the neck

(trapezius, splenius capitis, splenius cervicis,
semispinalis capitis, longissimus capitis, rectus
capitis posterior major and minor).

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles That Move the Head and Neck
Which neck muscles flex the neck?

The anterolateral neck muscles flex the neck

(sternocleidomastoid; anterior, middle, and posterior
scalenes).

Muscles of the Head and Neck:

Muscles That Move the Head and Neck
Clinical View: Congenital Muscular Torticollis

Newborn with shortened sternocleidomastoid

May persist into childhood
From birth trauma or prenatal position
Head tilts to affected side and chin to unaffected side
Treatments include:
physical therapy
botulinum toxin, which impairs contraction of affected muscle

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

Learning Objectives:
1) Name and describe the three groups of erector spinae muscles.
2) Describe the actions of the transversospinalis and quadratus
lumborum muscles.

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

Muscles of the vertebral column
Complex, with multiple origins and insertions
Covered by superficial back muscles
actually move the upper limb

Includes posterior muscles of the neck (cervical region)

Includes erector spinae
used to maintain posture and help stand erect
if contracted together, extends the vertebral column
if contracted on one side, lateral flexion toward that side

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

Three groups of erector spinae muscles
Iliocostalis group
most laterally placed
has cervical, thoracic, and lumbar parts

Longissimus group
medial to iliocostalis group
inserts on vertebrae transverse processes
composed of capitis, cervical, and thoracic parts

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

Three groups of erector spinae muscles (continued)
Spinalis group
most medially placed
inserts on spinous processes of vertebrae
composed of cervical and thoracic parts

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

Other muscles in the vertebral column
Transversospinalis muscles
connects and stabilizes the vertebrae
deep to erector spinae

Quadratus lumborum muscles

located primarily in the lumbar region
extends vertebral column when bilaterally contracted
laterally flexes column when unilaterally contracted

See Table 11.8: Muscles of the Vertebral Column

Figure 11.14
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Deeper

Deep

Semispinalis capitis
Longissimus capitis
Semispinalis cervicis

Splenius capitis

Serratus posterior superior

External intercostals
Splenius cervicis

Transversospinalis

Iliocostalis group
Erector spinae

Semispinalis thoracis

Longissimus group
Spinalis group
Serratus posterior inferior

Internal oblique

Multifidus
Quadratus lumborum

External oblique(cut)

Posterior view

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

Which muscles form the erector spinae, and
what are the general actions of the erector
spinae?
The iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis groups.
They extend the vertebral column when contracted
together and flex the vertebral column laterally when
contracted on that side.