Blood and its compositions

Blood is a bodily fluid in animals that delivers necessary substances such

as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and has a vital role in transport
of metabolic substances.

Blood is a connective tissue within the cardiovascular

system
The role of bloodthe most active component in extracellular
fluid, display functions as follows:
(1) transportation;
(2) pH value buffer;
(3) temperature or thermal maintenance;
(4) immunity and defense

I. Blood composing

Blood composing: plasma

+ blood cells
Hematocrit:
blood cells occupies the
percentage of total blood
volume.
normal value
male: 40-50%
female: 37-48%
5lts. in average person
55% PLASMA
45% CELLULAR COMPONENTS

By volume.
Plasma is about 90-92% water, with plasma
proteins as the most abundant solutes.
The main plasma protein groups are
albumins
globulin
fibrinogen
The primary blood gases are
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
nitrogen.


Plasma.
COMPOSITION
90% water
10% solutes

OF BLOOD

Ions, e.g., Na+, Cl-, Ca++

Nutrients, e.g., simple sugars, amino
acids, lipids
Wastes, e.g., urea, ammonia, CO2
Miscellaneous: O2, hormones, vitamins,
plasma proteins.

COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
Plasma Proteins.
Albumin
Helps control osmotic pressure
Helps control diffusion of water
Globulin
Includes antibodies
Transport proteins (lipids, iron, copper, etc.)
Fibrinogen
Involved in clotting

COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
Serum: Blood plasma from which the
protein fibrinogen, which causes clotting
of the blood, has been removed.

Cellular Components:
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets

99% red blood cells, with white blood cells

and platelets
Because of which it is slightly denser and
approximately 3-4 times more viscous than
water
making up the remainder.
Water, of blood has amino acids, proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, vitamins,
electrolytes, dissolved gases, and cellular
wastes.

Red Blood Cells

Red cells, or erythrocytes , are relatively large
microscopic cells without nuclei.
Red cells normally make up 40-50% of the
total blood volume.
They transport oxygen from the lungs to all of
the living tissues of the body and carry away
carbon dioxide.
The red cells are produced continuously in our
bone marrow from stem cells at a rate of about
2-3 million cells per second.

 Hemoglobin is the gas transporting

protein molecule that makes up 95% of a
red cell.
Each red cell has about 2.7 x 10^7 ironrich haemoglobin molecules.
People who are anaemic generally have a deficiency
in red cells.

The red color of blood is primarily due to

oxygenated red cells.

Leukocytes or White Blood Cells

They are larger than the Erythrocytes
Also fewer in number compared to RBC
Nuclei are big and sometimes, more than
one
They are called Soldiers of the Body
because they fight and kill foreign bodies
such as bacteria and viruses.

 Some white cells (called lymphocytes ) are the

first responders for our immune system.
Other white cells (called granulocytes and
macrophages ) then arrive to surround and
destroy the alien cells.

Leukocytes(WBCs) Total

Neutrophils 60-70%
Lymphocytes 20-25%
Monocytes 3-8%
Eosinophils 1-3%
Basophils .5 to 1%

Granulocytes
Granulocytes are white blood cells whose cytoplasm
contains tiny granules. The cells are named according
to the staining characteristics of the granules.
Neutrophils - the granules do not stain with normal
blood stains so we generally see just the multilobed
nucleus.
Neutrophils are phagocytic cells; they engulf
foreign material
Eosinophils have red-staining granules.
They seem to be attracted to allergic
reactions in the body.

Basophils
Basophils have dark blue-staining
granules.
They are the least numerous blood cells.
They help initiate the inflammatory
process at sites of injury.

Agranulocytes

are white blood cells that have no distinct granules

in their cytoplasm.
Lymphocytes have large single nuclei that
occupy most of the cells.
They are an important part of the body's
immune system.

 Monocytes are the largest of the white blood

cells.
They have large pleomorphic (variously
shaped) single nuclei and function mainly as
phagocytic (engulfing) cells.
They are important in the long-term clean-up
of debris in an area of injury.

Platelets/Thrombocytes
Fragments from a bigger cell (megakaryocyte)
Have a lifespan of 8 to 10 days
Rapture when exposed to air
Responsible for clot formation and to stop
bleeding
They have a lifespan of 9-10 days.
Like the red and white blood cells, platelets are
produced in bone marrow from stem cells.

Blood Clotting
When blood vessels are cut or damaged, the loss of blood from the
system must be stopped before shock and possible death occur. This
is accomplished by solidification of the blood, a process
called coagulation or clotting.

Anemia
is a decrease in number of red blood
cells (RBCs) or less than the normal
quantity of hemoglobin in the blood.
However, it can include decreased oxygenbinding ability of each hemoglobin molecule
due to deformity.
Since all human cells depend on oxygen for
survival, varying degrees of anemia can
have a wide range of clinical consequences.