Cicc4e15 Finalppt 140506123049 Phpapp02

Chapter 15
psychological therapies
psychology
fourth edition
Psychology, Fourth Edition

Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White
Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All rights reserved.
Learning Objective Menu

15.1
How have psychological disorders been treated throughout history, and are
two modern ways they are treated today?
15.2 What were the basic elements of Freuds psychoanalysis, and how do
psychodynamic approaches differ today?
15.3 What are the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as personcentered therapy and Gestalt therapy?
15.4 How do behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat
disordered behavior, and how successful are these therapies?
15.5 What are the goals and basic elements of cognitive therapies such as
cognitivebehavioral therapy and rational emotive behavior therapy?
15.6 What are the various types of group therapies and the advantages and
disadvantages of group therapy?
15.7 How effective is psychotherapy, and what factors influence its
effectiveness?
15.8 What are the various types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders?
15.9 How are electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery used to treat
psychological disorders today?
15.10 How might computers be used in psychotherapy?
Psychology, Third Edition

Treatment in the Past

LO 15.1 Two Modern Ways to Treat Psychological Disorders
Mentally ill people began to be confined to

institutions called asylums in the mid-1500s
Treatments were harsh and often
damaging
Philippe Pinel became famous for
demanding that the mentally ill be treated
with kindness, personally unlocking the
chains of inmates in France

Therapy
Therapy: treatment methods aimed at

making people feel better and function
more effectively
Two broad categories:
one based primarily in psychological theory
and techniques
the other uses medical intervention to bring
symptoms under control


Therapy
Psychotherapy: therapy for mental

disorders in which a person with a problem
talks with a psychological professional
insight therapies: psychotherapies in which the
main goal is helping people to gain insight with
respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings
action therapy: psychotherapy in which the
main goal is to change disordered or
inappropriate behavior directly

Therapy
Biomedical therapy: therapy for mental

disorders in which a person with a
problem is treated with biological or
medical methods to relieve symptoms


Freuds Psychoanalysis
LO 15.2 Elements of Freuds Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalysis Today
Psychoanalysis: insight therapy based on

the theory of Freud, emphasizing the
revealing of unconscious conflicts
dream interpretation
manifest content: the actual content of ones dream
latent content: the symbolic or hidden meaning of
dreams


Freuds Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis (contd)
free association: Freudian technique in which a
patient is encouraged to talk about anything that
comes to mind without fear of negative evaluations
resistance: occurs when a patient becomes reluctant
to talk about a certain topic, either changing the
subject or becoming silent
transference: the tendency for a patient or client to
project positive or negative feelings for important
people from the past onto the therapist


Psychoanalysis Today
Directive: actively giving interpretations of a

clients statements in therapy, even
suggesting certain behavior or actions
psychoanalysis today is generally directive
Psychodynamic therapy: a newer and more

general term for therapies based on
psychoanalysis, with an emphasis on
transference, shorter treatment times, and
a more direct therapeutic approach

Psychoanalysis Today
Interpersonal therapy (IPT): form of

therapy for depression which incorporates
multiple approaches and focuses on
interpersonal problems


Rogerss Person-Centered Therapy

LO 15.3 Basic Elements of Humanistic Therapies
Person-centered therapy: a nondirective

insight therapy in which the client does all
the talking and the therapist listens
based on the work of Carl Rogers
nondirective: therapeutic style in which the
therapist remains relatively neutral and does
not interpret or take direct actions with regard
to the client, instead remaining a calm,
nonjudgmental listener while the client talks


Four elements:
1. authenticity: the genuine, open, and honest
response of the therapist to the client
2. unconditional positive regard: the warmth, respect,
and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist
for the client in person-centered therapy
3. empathy: the ability of the therapist to understand
the feelings of the client
4. reflection: the therapist restates what the client says
rather than interpreting those statements



Motivational interviewing (MI)

In contrast to client-centered therapy, MI has
specific goals: namely, to reduce ambivalence
about change and to increase intrinsic
motivation to bring that change about


Gestalt Therapy
Gestalt therapy: form of directive insight

therapy in which the therapist helps clients
accept all parts of their feelings and
subjective experiences, using leading
questions and planned experiences such
as role-playing


Todays View of Humanistic Therapy

Humanistic therapies are not based in

experimental research and work best with
intelligent, highly verbal persons


Behavioral Therapy and Classical Conditioning

LO 15.4 Behavior Therapists Use of Classical and Operant Conditioning
Behavior therapies: action therapies

based on the principles of classical and
operant conditioning and aimed at
changing disordered behavior without
concern for the original causes of such
behavior



Behavior modification or applied behavior

analysis: use of learning techniques to
modify or change undesirable behavior
and increase desirable behavior



Systematic desensitization: behavioral

technique used to treat phobias, in which
a client is asked to make a list of ordered
fears and taught to relax while
concentrating on those fears
counterconditioning: replacing an old
conditioned response with a new one by
changing the unconditioned stimulus





Aversion therapy: form of behavioral

therapy in which an undesirable behavior
is paired with an aversive stimulus to
reduce the frequency of the behavior



Exposure therapy: behavioral techniques

that introduce the client to situations (under
carefully controlled conditions) that are
related to their anxieties or fears
flooding: technique for treating phobias and
other stress disorders in which the person is
rapidly and intensely exposed to the fearprovoking situation or object and prevented
from making the usual avoidance or escape
response


Exposure therapy (contd)

eye-movement desensitization reprocessing
(EMDR): controversial therapy for
posttraumatic stress disorder and similar
anxiety problems in which the client is
directed to move the eyes rapidly back and
forth while thinking of a disturbing memory
needs more controlled studies


Behavioral Therapy and Operant Conditioning

Modeling: learning through the

observation and imitation of others
participant modeling: technique in which a
model demonstrates the desired behavior in a
step-by-step, gradual process while the client
is encouraged to imitate the model



Reinforcement: the strengthening of a

response by following it with a pleasurable
consequence or the removal of an
unpleasant stimulus
token economy: the use of objects called
tokens to reinforce behavior in which the
tokens can be accumulated and exchanged
for desired items or privileges



Reinforcement (contd)
contingency contract: a formal, written
agreement between the therapist and client
(or teacher and student) in which goals for
behavioral change, reinforcements, and
penalties are clearly stated



Extinction: the removal of a reinforcer to

reduce the frequency of a behavior
time-out: an extinction process in which a
person (usually a child) is removed from the
situation that provides reinforcement for
undesirable behavior, usually by being placed
in a quiet corner or room away from possible
attention and reinforcement opportunities


Effectiveness of Behavioral Therapy

Behavior therapies can be effective in

treating specific problems, such as
bedwetting, drug addictions, and phobias
Behavior therapies can also help improve
some of the more troubling behavioral
symptoms associated with more severe
disorders


Cognitive Therapy
LO 15.55 Goals of Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive therapy: therapy in which the

focus is on helping clients recognize
distortions in their thinking and replace
distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more
realistic, helpful thoughts


Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive distortions:
arbitrary inference: drawing a conclusion
without any evidence
selective thinking: focusing on only one aspect
of a situation while ignoring all other relevant
aspects
overgeneralization: drawing sweeping
conclusions based on only one incident or event
and applying those conclusions to events that
are unrelated to the original

Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive distortions (contd):

magnification and minimization: blowing a
negative event out of proportion
(magnification) while ignoring relevant positive
events (minimization)
personalization: taking responsibility or blame
for events that are unconnected to the person


Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): action

therapy in which the goal is to help clients
overcome problems by learning to think
more rationally and logically


Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
Three goals:
1. Relieve the symptoms and solve the
problems.
2. Help develop strategies for solving future
problems.
3. Help change irrational, distorted thinking.


Rational Emotive Therapy

Rational emotive behavior therapy

(REBT): cognitive-behavioral therapy in
which clients are directly challenged in
their irrational beliefs and helped to
restructure their thinking into more rational
belief statements


Success of CBT
CBT has seemed successful in treating

depression, stress disorders, and anxiety.
CBT has been criticized for focusing on
the symptoms, not the causes, of
disordered behavior.




Types of Group Therapy

LO 15.6 Types of Group Therapy
Family counseling (family therapy): family

members meet together with a counselor
or therapist to resolve problems that affect
the entire family


Types of Group Therapy

Self-help group (support group): a group

composed of people who have similar
problems and who meet together without a
therapist or counselor for the purpose of
discussion, problem solving, and social
and emotional support


When Is Group Therapy Useful?

Group therapy is most useful to persons

who:
cannot afford individual therapy
may obtain a great deal of social and
emotional support from other group members


Group Therapy
Advantages:
low cost
exposure to other people with similar
problems; social interaction with others
social and emotional support from people with
similar disorders or problems


Group Therapy
Disadvantages:
need to share the therapists time with others
in the group
lack of a private setting in which to reveal
concerns
inability of people with severe disorders to
tolerate being in a group


Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
LO 15.7 The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is more effective than no

treatment at all
Between 75 and 90 percent of people who
receive therapy feel it has helped them
the longer a person stays in therapy, the
greater the improvement
psychotherapy works as well alone as with
drugs


Some types of psychotherapy are more

effective for certain types of problems, and
no one psychotherapy method is effective
for all problems
effective therapy should be matched to the
particular client and the particular problem


Eclectic therapies: therapy style that

results from combining elements of
several different therapy techniques
Common factors approach: modern
approach to eclecticism focusing on
factors seen as the source of success


Common factors approach

therapeutic alliance: the relationship between
therapist and client that develops as a warm,
caring, accepting relationship characterized by
empathy, mutual respect, and understanding
protected setting
opportunity for catharsis
learning and practice of new behaviors
positive experiences for the client

Evidence-based treatment (EBT) refers to

techniques or interventions that have
produced desired outcomes, or
therapeutic change in controlled studies


Culture and Psychotherapy

When the cultures, ethnic groups, or genders of the

therapist and the client differs, misunderstandings
and misinterpretations can occur.
Four barriers to effective psychotherapy exist when
culture the backgrounds of client and therapist differ
1.
2.
3.
4.
culture-bound values
class-bound values
language
nonverbal communication


Cybertherapy
Cybertherapy: psychotherapy that is

offered on the Internet
also called online, Internet, or Web therapy or
counseling
offers the advantages of anonymity and
therapy for people who cannot otherwise get
to a therapist


Drug Treatments
LO 15.8 Types of Drugs Used to Treat Psychological Disorders
Biomedical therapies: therapies that

directly affect the biological functioning of
the body and brain


Drug Treatments
Psychopharmacology: the use of drugs to

control or relieve the symptoms of
psychological disorders
antipsychotic drugs: used to treat psychotic
symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations,
and other bizarre behavior
antianxiety drugs: used to treat and calm
anxiety reactions
typically minor tranquilizers

Drug Treatments
Psychopharmacology (contd)
mood-stabilizing drugs: used to treat bipolar
disorder
include lithium and certain anticonvulsant drugs
antidepressant drugs: used to treat

depression and anxiety




Electroconvulsive Therapy
LO 15.9 Electroconvulsive Therapy and Psychosurgery
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):

biomedical treatment in which electrodes
are placed on either one or both sides of a
persons head and an electric current
strong enough to cause a seizure or
convulsion is passed through the
electrodes
still used to treat severe depression


Psychosurgery
Psychosurgery: surgery performed on

brain tissue to relieve or control severe
psychological disorders
prefrontal lobotomy: the connections of the
prefrontal lobes of the brain to the rear
portions are severed


Psychosurgery
Psychosurgery (contd)
Bilateral anterior cingulotomy: an electrode
wire is inserted into the anterior cingulated
gyrus area of the brain for the purpose of
destroying that area of brain tissue with an
electric current
electrode is inserted with the guidance of a
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine


Psychosurgery
Emerging techniques
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
(rTMS): magnetic pulses are applied to the
cortex
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS):
uses scalp electrodes to pass very low
amplitude direct currents to the brain


Virtual Reality
LO 15.10 How Might Computers Be Used in Psychotherapy?
Virtual reality is a software-generated

three-dimensional simulated environment
with can be used in the treatment of PTSD
like playing a video game



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Chapter 15

Psychology, Fourth Edition

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Objective Menu

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Treatment in the Past

Mentally ill people began to be confined to

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Therapy: treatment methods aimed at

Psychology, Third Edition

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Psychotherapy: therapy for mental

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Biomedical therapy: therapy for mental

Psychology, Third Edition

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Psychoanalysis: insight therapy based on

Psychology, Third Edition

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Psychology, Third Edition

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Directive: actively giving interpretations of a

Psychodynamic therapy: a newer and more

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Interpersonal therapy (IPT): form of

Psychology, Third Edition

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Rogerss Person-Centered Therapy

Person-centered therapy: a nondirective

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Rogerss Person-Centered Therapy

Psychology, Third Edition

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Rogerss Person-Centered Therapy

Motivational interviewing (MI)

Psychology, Third Edition

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Gestalt therapy: form of directive insight

Psychology, Third Edition

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Todays View of Humanistic Therapy

Humanistic therapies are not based in

Psychology, Third Edition

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Behavioral Therapy and Classical Conditioning

Behavior therapies: action therapies

Psychology, Third Edition

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Behavioral Therapy and Classical Conditioning

Behavior modification or applied behavior

Psychology, Third Edition

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Behavioral Therapy and Classical Conditioning

Systematic desensitization: behavioral

Psychology, Third Edition

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Psychology, Third Edition

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Behavioral Therapy and Classical Conditioning

Aversion therapy: form of behavioral

Psychology, Third Edition

Copyright 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Behavioral Therapy and Classical Conditioning