THEORY

OF
N
O
I
T
C
E
J
O
R
P

SOMETHING MAJESTIC

SOMETHING SHOCKING

SOMETHING TRANQUILLING

SOMETHING TERRIFYING

Is the blue face on the inside or

outside of the box?

Concept
A projection theory is based on 2 variables:
1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image or picture plane)
Line of sight (LOS)
is an imaginary ray of
light between an
observers eye
and an object.
Plane of projection
is an imaginary flat plane upon which the
image created by the LOS is projected.

Line of sight
Lines of sight (also called Projectors) can be parallel or
converge.
Parallel projection

Converge projection

Projections

Perspective projection

Perspective projection is rarely used in manual

drawing
Perspective projection is useful for non technical
communications
The height of the buildings appears to be
reducing as we move away from the
observer.

Projections

Oblique Projections
Projectors are parallel to each other
but not perpendicular to projection
plane
An oblique projection shows front
and top surfaces that include the
three dimensions of height, width,
and depth.
The front or principal surface of an
object (the surface toward the plane
of projection) is parallel to the plane
of projection.
Effective in pictorially representing
objects

Orthographic Projections
Orthographic projections are
drawings where the projectors,
the observer or station point
remain parallel to each other and
perpendicular to the plane of
projection.
Orthographic projections are
further subdivided into
axonometric projections and
multi-view projections.
Effective in technical
representation of objects

Projections

Multiview & Axonometric

Multiview drawing
shows a 2D view of an object.
Rotate

Tilt

Axonometric drawing
shows a virtual 3D
view of an object.

Multiv
iew

Axon
ome
tr

ic

Projection techniques

Axonometric

Bertoline, et al. Fig. 9.2

Orthogonal (multiview)

GL2:16

Oblique

Perspective

View comparison
Type
Multiview drawing

Advantage

Disadvantage

Accurately presents

Require training

objects details, i.e.

to visualization.

size and shape.

Pictorial drawing

Easy to visualize.

Shape and angle distortion

Circular hole
becomes ellipse
Right angle becomes
obtuse angle.

Perspective drawing

Object looks more

Difficult to create

like what our eyes

Size and shape

perceive.

distortion
Distorted
width

Definition
Multiview drawing is a set of related images that are
created by viewing the object from a different direction.

Width

Depth

Depth
Height

Height

Adjacent view(s)
is needed to
fulfill the object
description.

Width

Depth

Methods
1. Revolve the object with respect to observer
2. The observer moves around the object.
Glass box concept
Top view

Top view

Front view

Right side view play

Front
view

Right side
view
play

Glass box : Revolution of the planes of projection

Rear view

Left side view

Bottom view

Choosing Views
Complex objects require three views to
describe its shape
Front View
Top View
Right Side View
Simple objects can be described
with two views (Ex: Soda Can)
Front View
Top View

Notes
Most descriptive view is typically designated as
the Front View.
Front view also called Elevation is projected to
vertical plane
Top view also called Plan is projected to
horizontal plane
Right-side view also called Right-End Elevation
is projected to profile plane
The line of intersection of HP and VP is called
the XY line, ground line or reference line.

Summary : Problem solving steps

The best way to understand
orthographic projection is to
imagine an object contained inside
a glass box.

There is a total of six glass walls

surrounding the object. Each wall
represents a projection plane
(principal or reference plane)
onto which a two- dimensional
object view will be created.

Start by focusing only on

the front projection plane.
A person standing in front
of the object would see only
the five corners identified in
black.

Projection lines are used to

project each corner outward
until they reach the
projection plane.

1
t
ig h le
s
f ng
eo
lin 90 a ction
at proje
to ne
pla

The visible edges of the object are then identified on the

projection plane by connecting the projected corners with
object lines.

The orthographic projection

process is then repeated on
the other projection planes.

Ensure
EVERYTHING
is in line and in
proper
POSITION

Projections

Layout of the 4 Views

Third Angle Method
TOP
L. SIDE

First Angle Method

R. SIDE

FRONT
TOP

L. SIDE

FRONT

R. SIDE

Orthographic Projection
x1
Plan

Elevation

y1

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT
ARE PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES
OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE

Different Reference planes are

Horizontal Plane (HP),
Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP )
Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)

And

Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)

FV is a view projected on VP.

TV is a view projected on HP.
SV is a view projected on PP.
IMPORTANT TERMS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
Planes.
Pattern of planes & Pattern of views
Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections

1
2
3

PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)

THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.

ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.

PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD
B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.

PP

VP

FV

LSV

X
X

TV
HP

HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 90
AND
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.

PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 90

AND
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.

ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS

OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
DRAWN IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS

How did they get their names?

The name first angle is derived from the objects
position in the first quadrant of the planes of
reference.
The name third angle is derived from the objects
position in the third quadrant of the planes of
reference.

How do I know which method is being

used?
Each method has its own symbol and they are as
follows
First angle projection

Third angle projection

How do I draw this symbol?

The recommended proportions for the symbol
are as follows

Object features
Edge is a line that represent the boundary between two
faces of an object.
Surface limit is a line that represents the last visible
part of the curve surface.
Surface is an area that are bounded by edges or surface
limit. Surface can be plane or curve.

No edges!
Prism

Cylinder

Sphere

Note These features will appear as lines in a multiview drawing.

TIPS
The slope can become a line

It can appear as a regular plane figure

When a sloped surface meets a Horizontal or Vertical

surface. Where the two surfaces meet a line appears.

A line can represent a limiting element.

A curved surface can appear as a circle or portion of a

circle.

A curved surface may also appear as a regular plane

figure

When a curved surface meets a

surface that is Tangential to it, no
line appears.

If the surface is not Tangential to the

curve then a line appears

Projection of a curve surface

Glass box concept

Multiview drawing

Play

A Question
Each of the
blocks to the
right have the
same overall
dimensions
and colors.
What else to
they have in
common?

Answer .

They all have

identical top
views!

Is that it?
Sometimes features of an object are hidden (for example
they are at the back of the object)
To show these features we add dashed lines in their
place.