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Macromolecules
Honors Biology
SFHS
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Organic Compounds
Organic =
containing
carbon; at least 5
Molecules are
very large
Usually have H
and O as well as
N, P, and S
Organic
compounds are
associated with
living things
such as us!
Inorganic Compounds
Without inorganic
compounds where
would be?
What do you think
inorganic
compounds lack?
H20, CO2, O2, and
minerals such as
Zn, Mg, and Ca
CARBON CHEMISTRY
Carbon Chemistry
C has a valence of
Polymers a large
individual
molecules or
subunits that form
a polymer
molecule that is
made of smaller
molecules or
subunits
Nucleotides and
amino acids
proteins
Dehydration Synthesis
Anabolic builds
up
Creates new bonds
and larger
molecules
Water is released
as a waste product
every place a new
bond forms!
Hydrolysis
Hydro = water;
lysis = to split
Catabolic breaks
down
Creates smaller
molecules and
requires H2O to
break those bonds
(H+ and OH-)
4 Groups of Macromolecules
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates
Names usually end in ose
Made of C, H, and O
2:1 ratio of H to O
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides simple sugars that form
carbon rings
Glucose = blood; galactose = milk; fructose = fruit
or honey
by?
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides long chains of
potatoes
linkages
When polysaccharides are broken down, it
releases E
Glycosidic linkages
Types of Polysaccharides
Glycogen animal starch
Made in the liver from glucose
Provides short-term storage between meals
Types of Polysaccarides
Cellulose plant
starch
Found in cell walls
LIPIDS
Lipids
Fats include solid fats, oils, & waxes
Feel greasy paper test
Not soluble in water non-polar
Some solvents of lipids
Acetone, ether, and alcohol
Functions
Store E (concentrated), cushion, insulate, build cell
Glycerol
Backbone
Three
Fatty
acid
tails
NO DOUBLE BONDS
Saturated Fats
between carbon
atoms in the chain
Examples are butter,
cream, cheese, milk,
meat, & coconut oil
Solid at room
temperature, derived
from animals
Unsaturated Fats
One or more
double bonds in
the chain
Avocado, nuts,
soybeans, and
olive oil
Liquid at room
temperature
Derived from
plants
STEROIDS
Lipids characterized by
a carbon skeleton
consisting of four fused
rings
Testosterone,
Estrogen,
cholesterol
PROTEINS
Proteins
Contain 50% of the dry weight of all cells
Always contain nitrogen!
Other elements such as C, H, & O
Sources are eggs, meat, dairy, & legumes
Proteins
Used for structural
support, signaling
from one part of
an organism to
another,
movement, and
biological
catalysts
(enzymes)
Structural Proteins
Make up cell parts
Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
Channel proteins
Structural
Functional Proteins
Chemicals that control reactions
Hormones and enzymes
Functional
Functional Proteins perform a
function
Chemicals that control reactions
Enzymes
Muscles
Protein Structure
All proteins are very long polymers made of
Protein Secondary
Structure
All about the H bonds
2 options:
Alpha helix
Beta Pleated sheet
Due to
reactions
between the R
groups
Form between
Polar side chains
Tertiary Structure
Form between
sulfhydral groups
Form
between
charged R
groups
Quaternary Structure
Structure in
proteins that
results from
interactions
between and
among several
polypeptide
chains.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic Acids
Carry inherited info
Made of monomers called nucleotides
Found in all foods
Types of nucleic acids
DNA & RNA
Nucleotides
The monomers of
nucleic acids
Consist of 3 parts
5-carbon sugar
A phosphate group
A nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous
Bases
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine always