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U2
@ T2
U = +
U = Won
But the side effect of the man
doing work is that the gas might
get hotter and some of the heat
leak out of the walls.
U = Won - Q lost
We can prevent this from happening by insulating
the piston and chamber so that no heat can go in or
out (adiabatic means Q = 0, no heat flows)
U = neg
U = - Wby
U = - Wby + Q into
We can prevent this from happening by insulating
the piston and chamber so that no heat can go in or
out (adiabatic means Q = 0, no heat flows)
U = Won + Q into
If Q = 0 (adiabatic) , then U is positive if positive work is done on the
system.
If W = 0, (isochoric: box cant expand or contract), then U is positive if
heat flows into the system
Expansions and
contractions of gases are
shown on PV diagrams
Pressur
e of gas
on walls
Volume of gas
increases as
pressure on
walls
decreases
Typical
of an
expansio
n
Volume of gas
decreases as
pressure on
walls
increases
Typical
of an
compressi
on of gas
Wgas = F x = PA x
Net work = 0
+W
-W
Contraction
How much work is done? W= PV=cant be done because P is changing
W = estimate of area under curve = 4.5 boxes
4.5 boxes (1 box = PoVo) = -2.25 PoV0
Net Work done in cycle = 3PoVo +0 + -2.25 PoVo= + .75 PoVo
P and V
P
U = W + Q
Isothermal
U = W + Q
Isobaric
U = W + Q
Isochoric
U = W + Q
PV = nRT
# of moles
Assume the data below applies to a 20
mole sample of ideal gas
gas constant
Find temperatures at points 1 and 2:
P1V1 = nRT1
5e5 (1)/20(8.3)
= 7600K
So T1 = P1V1/nR=
P2V2 = nRT2
2e5 (.5)/20(8.3)
= 60K
So T2 = P2V2/nR=
PV = nRT = a constant
Whats the shape of the curve xy = 1 ?
A.k.a
isochoric
When a gas expands adiabatically, the work done in the expansion comes
at the expense of the internal energy of the gas causing the temperature
of the gas to drop. The figure below shows P-V diagrams for these two
processes.
U = Won + Q into
Which process
resulted in a
higher
temperature?
Example: One mole of ideal gas is at pressure P0 and volume V0. The gas then undergoes three
processes.
1.The gas expands isothermally to 2V0 while heat Q flows into the gas.
2.The gas is compressed at constant pressure back to the original volume.
3.The pressure is increased while holding the volume constant until the gas returns to its
initial state.
A. Draw a P-V diagram that depicts this cycle. Label relevant points on the axes. In terms of
T0, the initial temperature, label each vertex with the temperature of the gas at that point.
For the remaining sections, answer in terms of T0, Q, and R.
B. Find the change in internal energy for each leg of the cycle.
C. Find the work done by the gas on each leg of the cycle.
D. Find the heat that flows into the gas on legs 2 and 3.
E. Find the efficiency of this cycle.
Example: One mole of ideal gas is at pressure P0 and volume V0. The gas then undergoes three
processes.
1.The gas expands isothermally to 2V0 while heat Q flows into the gas.
2.The gas is compressed at constant pressure back to the original volume.
3.The pressure is increased while holding the volume constant until the gas returns to its
initial state.
A. Draw a P-V diagram that depicts this cycle. Label relevant points on the axes. In terms of
T0, the initial temperature, label each vertex with the temperature of the gas at that point.
For the remaining sections, answer in terms of T0, Q, and R.
B. Find the change in internal energy for each leg of the cycle.
C. Find the work done by the gas on each leg of the cycle.
D. Find the heat that flows into the gas on legs 2 and 3.
E. Find the efficiency of this cycle.
For solution go to
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/members/article/1,3046,151-165-0-44428,00.html