WELCOME TO CDMA OVERVEIW

INTRODUCTION TO CDMA RADIO INTERFACE

CDMA

SECTION 1
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE
ACCESS
Section Introduction
The CDMA frequency band
Frequency Allocation in CDMA
Understanding the DSSS
Codes and their functions in
CDMA
Generation of Codes
Spreading And Despreading
with Codes

The SYMPHONY!
CHAOS

Frequency division!

Time division

Guten Tag
Shalom
Buenos Dias
Bonjour
Hello

GSM Vs CDMA

FREQUENCY REUSE IN CDMA & TDMA

F5
F4

F6
F1
F
7

F1
F1

F3

F2

TYPICAL TDMA SYSTEM

EACH CELL USES
DIFFERENT
FREQUENCY
THE PATTERN IS
REPEATED FOR THE
NEXT SET OF CELL
SITES

F1

F1

F1

F1
F1

TYPICAL CDMA
SYSTEM
EACH CELL USES SAME
FREQUENCY

Frequency Re-use
7 cell re-use pattern
f7
f6

f2

f7

f1
f5

f6

f2

f3
f4

f1
f5

f3
f4

CDMA Frequency Reuse

Frequency Reuse

Spread Spectrum Concept

In GSM small time slots of the spectrum (200 kHz) are used by different users as channels.

1800 MHz

1850 MHz

1910 MHz
Mobile Tx

1930 MHz 1990 MHz 2000 MHz

Cell Tx

User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4

Code 1
Code 2
Code 3
Code 4

User n

Code n

Spread spectrum uses much larger slice (1.25 MHz) of the available bandwidth.
Same slice is used for all user with no time multiplexing but each user is
assigns with a different code to uniquely identify them.

CDMA Cellular Spectrum

824
MHz

835
MHz

845
MHz
B

825
MHz

Reverse link

846.5
MHz

869
MHz

880
MHz

849
MHz

890
MHz
B

870
MHz

894
MHz
B

891.5
MHz

2-7

Forward link

DSSS AND THE PROCESSING GAIN

DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM

A System is said to be using DSSS if it follows the two

basic rules mentioned
The Bandwidth of the Carrier frequency must be much
larger than the
Bandwidth of the baseband Signals
to be transmitted.
The same codes that are used for coding the signal must

PROCESSING GAIN

The Processing Gain and Capacity

Relation

CDMAs Nested Spreading

Sequences

Spreading : What We Do, We Can Undo

Shipping and Receiving via

CDMA

DSSS Spreading/ Despreading

C1*C1 = 1, C2*C2 = 1. Cn*Cn = 1 BUT C1*C2 = 0C1*Cn =
0
U1C1 ( 10011000000)

C1 ( 100110.10110010)

=
U1 = 0110010101001000

U1 = 0110010101001000

C1 ( 100110.10110010)

=
U1C1 ( 1001100000)
U2C2*C1 = 0, U2*C2*C2 = U2
U2C2
U3C3
U4C4
UnCn

U3C3*C1 = 0, U3C3*C3 = U3
U4C4*C1 = 0, U4C4*C4 = U4
UnCn*C1 = 0, UnCn*Cn = Un

The Three CDMA Spreading

Techniques

Orthogonal Sequences
Definition:
Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary sequences
are orthogonal if the process of XORing them results in an equal
number of 1s and 0s. Example:
0000
(XOR) 0101
-----0101

Generation Sequence:
- Seed

0 0

0 0

0 0

- Repeat: right & below

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 0

1 1

0 1

1 0

- Invert: diagonally

Walsh Codes
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 6 6 6 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 ... 0 1 2 3

0000000000011111111122222222223333333333444444444455555555556666
0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

ORTHOGONALITY OF WALSH CODES

Orthogonal Spreading
1

11001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110011001101001

Walsh Function #59

00110010110011001100110100110010110011010011001100110010110

Pattern to be Transmitted

Orthogonal Spreading
+1

-1
User Data

Orthogonal 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
Sequence
Tx Data 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
+1

-1

Decoding
Decoding Using
Using aa Correct
Correct
Code
Code
Rx Data 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
Correct 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
Function
1111 0000 0000 1111 1111
1
+1

-1

Decoding
Decoding Using
Using aa Incorrect
Incorrect
Code
Code
Rx Data 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
Incorrect 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Function
1100 0011 0011 1100 1100
?

Example: Spreading
+1

Spread Waveform Representation of

User As signal

-1

+1

Spread Waveform Representation of

User Bs signal

-1
+1

Spread Waveform Representation of

User Cs signal

-1
Analog Signal Formed by the Summation
of the Three Spread Signals
+1

-3

A=00
Walsh Code for
A = 0101

B=10
Walsh Code for
B = 0011

C=11
Walsh Code for
C = 0000

Despreading
+1

Received Composite Signal

-3
+1

Walsh Code for User A = 0101

-1
Product

+3

-1
Average=(5-1)/4=1
Average=(5-1)/4=1
0
0

Average=(5-1)/4=1
Average=(5-1)/4=1
0
0

Pseudorandom Noise (PN)

Codes

Two Short Codes (215 = 32,768)

Termed I and Q codes (different taps )

Used for Quadrature Spreading

Unique offsets serve as identifiers for a Cell or a Sector

Repeat every 26.67 msec (at a clock rate of 1.2288Mcps )

One Long Code (242= 4400 Billion)

Used for spreading and scrambling

Repeats every 41 days (at a clock rate of 1.2288Mcps)

PN Code Generation

PN Code Generation

Masking

Lookup Table for PN

Offsets
Mask

Offset (in

Transmitted

001

chips)

Sequence

010

1001011

011

0010111

100

1011100

101

0101110

110

1100101

111

0111001

1110010

Quadrature Spreading
Offset I PN Code
1011000010110

Symbols Spread by
I
Walsh Chips

0110111001011

1101111011101

To Baseband
Filter

0110111001011
Q

0110111001011
0100011101011

Offset Q PN Code

0010100100000

QPSK MODULATION USING PN-SHORT CODE

PN Offset - Cell Identification

#1

100101001100111010111001010100
100101001100111010111001010100

#2
#3
Offset in
increments
of 64 chips

1001010011001110101110010

Quick and Easy Cell Acquisition

Reuse Walsh Codes

CDMA AIR INTERFACE ARCHTECTURE

FORWARD & REVERSE LINK CODES

Coherent / Non-Coherent
Detection