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REPUBLIC
Chapter 12
Treatment of Enemy
In general, the Filipinos treated the Spanish prisoners with
justice.
Because of hatred of the former masters, there were times
when the Filipinos exceeded their enthusiasm and
maltreated the Spaniards.
On May 19, 1898, one of Aguinaldos first acts as
Dictator was to issue a circular, urging the people to stop
the disgraceful treatment of the Spanish prisoners.
Aguinaldo issued another order on June 1 providing that all
classes of crimes were to be tried by competent military
tribunals
Declaration of Independence
With a government in operation, Aguinaldo thought
that it was necessary to declare the independence of the
Philippines. He believed that such a move would inspire
the people to fight more eagerly against the Spaniards
and at the same time, lead the foreign countries to
recognize the independence of the country.
On June 5, 1898
- Aguinaldo set a decree setting aside June 12 as the day for the
proclamation of
the Philippine Independence
- Commissioned Julian Felipe, a composer from Cavite, to prepare a
composition
which would be played during the independence
ceremonies.
On June 11, 1898
- Felipe showed Aguinaldo the draft of his musical composition, which
was entitled
Marcha Filipina Magdalo
Declaration of Independence
(contd)
On June 12, 1898
Declaration of Independence
(contd)
The Act of the Declaration of Independence - was prepared by
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, who also read it.
The Philippine Declaration was signed by ninety-eight (98) persons
The proclamation of Philippine independence was, however,
promulgated on August 1 when many towns has already been
organized under the riles laid down by the Dictatorial Government.
Apolinario Mabini
often referred to as the "Brains of the Revolution
and Dark Chamber of the President (for those who
envied him)
Born of very poor parents, Inocencio Mabini and
Dionisia Maranan in Talaga, Tanawan, Batangas
Studied in Tanawan, then conducted by a certain
Simplicio Avelino
Later transferred to a school conducted by the
famous pedagogue, Father Valerio Malabanan.
Continued his studies at San Juan de Letran and at
the University of Sto. Tomas, where he received his
law degree in 1894.
Early in 1896, he contracted an illness, probably
infantile paralysis, that led to paralysis of his lower
limbs.
In 1898, Aguinaldo have made him as his trusted
Reorganization of Local
Government
Decree of June 18, 1898 provided for the reorganization of local
government in those
control
Administration of Justice
Outlined in a supplementary decree of June 8, 1898
The town chief was automatically the judge of the town
Revolutionary Government
The Dictatorial Government only lasted for a month, from May 24 to
June 28, 1898. At the instance of Mabini, Aguinaldo delivered on June 23
a message, penned by Mabini, giving his reasons for changing the form
of government to a revolutionary one. It changed the title of chief of
state from Dictator to President.
Four departments were created:
1. Department of Foreign Affairs, Navy and Commerce
2. Department of War and Public Works
3. Department of Police and Internal Order, Justice, Education and
Hygiene
4. Department of Finance, Agriculture and Manufacturing Industry
Revolutionary Government
(contd)
On July 15, 1898 Aguinaldo made his 1 cabinet appointments
st
Malolos Congress
Revolutionary Congress at Barasoain, Malolos
September 4 50 Delegates
September 10 60 Delegates
Banda Pasig Played the National Anthem
Felipe Buencamino wrote Aguinaldos speech
Officers:
President: Pedro A. Paterno
Vice President: Benito Lagarda
First Secretary: Gregorio Araneta
Second Secretary: Pablo Ocampo
Malolos Constitution
Mabini envisioned the Congress to be an advisory body of the
president. But his idea was contradicted by Congress when it opposed
to draft a constitution.
Mabini argued that such a delicate task as the framing of the
constitution should be done in a peaceful and quiet mood in order to
give the framers sufficient time to deliberate on the proposed
provisions.
Mabini was, however, in the minority, and although his arguments
were unassailable he was defeated by the majority under the
leadership of Paterno.
Nevertheless, Mabini submitted his Constitutional Plan of the
Philippine Republic, but Congress, for the second time, overruled
him.
The Constitution
- The Malolos Constitution:
The first important Filipino document ever produced by the people's
representatives.
Anchored in democratic traditions that ultimately had their roots on
American soil.
Created a Filipino State whose government was "popular,
representative and responsible"
Three distinct branches: the executive, the legislative and the
judicial.
Specifically provided for safeguards against abuses and individual
rights not only of the Filipinos, but also of the aliens.
of
Revolutionary Periodicals
The revolutionary Government founded its official organ El
Heraldo de la Revolucion, whose first number came out on
September 29, 1898. Its name was subsequently changed to
Heraldo Filipino, then to Indice Oficial,and finally to Graceta
de Filipinas, whose last number came out on October 14,
1899.These newspaper published the official texts of the decrees
of the government and, of course, some news items and tagalong
poems, all nationalistic in content. Most famous of these
periodicals was La Independencia, edited and partly owned by
General Antonio Luna. Its first number came out on September
3, 1898.
Education
The educational problem merited the attention of the Filipino leaders.
Owing to the destruction of many schools and to the peace and order
condition, all the schools were closed for the time being.
The Revolutionary Government took steps to open classes as soon as
circumstances permitted. On August 29, 1898, the Secretary of the Interior
ordered the provincial governors to re-establish the schools that had been
abandoned before. To continue giving instruction to the people, Aguinaldo
included in the budget for 1899 an item for public instruction amounting to
P35,000.
On October 24, a decree was issued outlining the curriculum of the Burgos
Institute. Higher education was provided for when, in a decree of October
19, 1898, Aguinaldo created the Literary University of the Philippines.
The first appointed president of the University was Dr. Joaquin Gonzalez.
He was succeeded by Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero, who delivered the
commencement address on September 29, 1899. The University did not
live long, for the conflict with the Americans led its faculty and students to
disperse.
Diplomatic Activities
In order to persuade the foreign Powers to recognize Philippine
independence, Aguinaldo created diplomatic positions abroad. The first
step taken was the promulgation of decrees creating committees abroad
for the purpose of carrying on propaganda activities for the Revolutionary
Government. On June 24 and August 10, 1898, Aguinaldo issued two
decrees providing for the establishment of the Hong Kong Junta whose
members were to represent the Philippines in different countries.
Subsequently, the diplomatic agents were appointed:
Felipe Agoncillo - United States
Mariano Ponce & Faustino Lichauco - Japan
Antonio Regidor - England
Juan Luna and Pedro Roxas - France
Eriberto Zarcal - Australia
Treaty of Paris
Protocol of Peace(August 12, 1898) - Signed by 5 American commissioners and
5 Spanish commissioners were appointed to meet in Paris.
The American Commissioners (Cushman Davis, William P. Frye, Whitelaw Reid,
George Gray, and William R. Day.)
The Spanish Commissioners (Chairman Eugenio Montero Rios, Bueneventura
Abarzuza, Jose de Garnica, Wenceslao Ramirez de Villa Urrutia, General Rafael
Cerero)
The Treaty of Paris was Signed on December 10, 1898.
It provided that Spain would cede the Philippines to the United States in return
for 20,000,000 USD from United States for the improvements made in the
colony. Which, the United States, agreed to give the Spaniards the right to
commodites to the Philippines for 10 years on the same terms as those of the
United States.
American Propaganda
After the ratification, the American propaganda made it
appear that the Filipinos fired the first shots that led to the
Filipino-American Hostilities.
Consequently, the American senators voted for the belief that
the Filipinos caused the Rupture of Filipino-American relations.
It directed mainly by the instruments of imperialists, won and
thereafter the Philippines became a territory of the United
States.