Physics of Human Body

The cell

The cell
The basic unit of biological tissue
The boundary of cell is plasma membrabne (consisting of a bilayer mainly of
phospholipids (which are types
of fat) with embedded proteins.
The central region is the nucleus (also surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane),
which, in humans, contains the genetic blueprint consisting of some 30,000
genes organized into 46 chromosomes.
The rest of the cell (the cytoplasm) is far from being a simple fluidit is a
matrix of microtubules, filaments, and cavernous structures (the latter is
known as the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER).
There are also discrete structures (organelles) within the cytoplasm, such as
mitochondria (the powerhouse of the cell), lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes,
Golgi complex, and secretory granules. The nucleus is also associated with
characteristic organelles, such as centrosomes and nucleolus.

Diagrammatic representation

Body fluids
The body is almost two-thirds of fluid(56%
approx.)
Intracellular fluid: pottasium, magnesium and
phosphate ions
Extracellular fluid: sodium, chloride, fatty
acids, glucose, CO2

Body fluids
The body is almost
two-thirds of
fluid(56% approx.)
Intracellular fluid:
pottasium,
magnesium and
phosphate ions
Extracellular fluid:
sodium, chloride,
fatty acids,
glucose, CO2

Electrolyte
Electrolytes are minerals in your blood and other body
fluids that carry an electric charge.
Electrolytes affect how your body functions in many
ways, including:
The amount of water in your body
The acidity of your blood (pH)
Your muscle function
Other important processes
You lose electrolytes when you sweat. You must replace
them by drinking fluids that contain electrolytes. Water
does not contain electrolytes.

How can electrolytes be

measured
Electrolytes can be acids, bases, or salts. They can be
measured by different blood tests. Each electrolyte can
be measured separately, such as:
Ionized calcium
Serum calcium
Serum chloride
Serum magnesium
Serum phosphorus
Serum potassium
Serum sodium
Note: Serum is the part of blood that doesn't contain
cells.
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002350.htm

Main electrolytes in a body fluid

Musculoskeletal system
The muscles and bones of the body
provide locomotion
Skeletal system: consists of bones and
cartilages
Muscles: connected between bones
across a joint so that the bones move
with respect to each other when
muscles contracts.

Skeletal Muscles

Skeletal system

Respiratory system
The respiratory system takes oxygen into body and
gives off carbon dioxide waste products from the
cell.
System parts: Nose, Mouth, trachea, bronchii and
lungs.
Deoxygenated blood from right side of the heart
passes through the lungs: only 0.4 to 2.0m of
membrane separates the air carrying aveoli from
the pulmonary capillaries(tiny blood vassels)
Gaseous oxygen diffuses across this membrane into
the blood stream, while CO2 comes out of the blood,
into the alveoli, to be exheled into the atmosphere.

Respiratory system

Mechanics of breathing

NEXT CLASS
Nervous System, The heart and the circulatory system,
Body as a control system