Fluid Statics

WSU ME303
Zhiquan (Andy) Shu, PhD

Fluid Statics ()

Hydrostatic Differential Equation:

Fluid Statics ()

Hydrostatic Differential Equation:

Fluid Statics ()

Pascals barrel (1646)

3

Hydrostatic Equation:

:
If or is constant,

For any two points in a static fluid of constant density:

Checkpoint question 3.2 (TopHa

Hydrostatic Equation:

:
If or is NOT constant ((z) or (z))?

Hydrostatic Equation:
Suppose

we know , , (constant), what is the pressure at

1 ().

Pressure measurement:
Barometer: An instrument used to measure
atmospheric pressure.
Bourdon-Tube Gage: measures pressure by sensing
the deflection of a coiled tube.
Piezometer: a vertical tube, usually transparent, in
which a liquid rises in responses to a positive gage
pressure.
Manometer: a device for measuring pressure by
raising or lowering a column of liquid.

Pressure measurement:
Barometer:

An instrument
used to measure
atmospheric pressure.

Pressure measurement:

Bourdon-Tube Gage: measures pressure by sensing

the deflection of a coiled tube.
Advantages: Low cost, easy to install.
Disadvantages: (similar to spring scale, low
accuracy, can be damaged after many
measurements.)

Pressure measurement:
Piezometer:

a vertical tube,
usually transparent, in which
a liquid rises in responses to a
positive gage pressure.
The gage pressure at the pipe
center:
Advantages: simple, accurate
Disadvantages: limited to low
pressures.

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Pressure measurement:
Manometer: a
device for
measuring pressure
by raising or
lowering a column
of liquid.
Usually shaped like
letter U.
(U-tube manometer)
Find the gage
pressure at 4:

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Pressure measurement:
General manometer equation:

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Inclined-Tube Manometer
What

is the gas pressure difference ?

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ydrostatic force on a plane surface

Hydrostatic force on a plane surface

Pressure distribution: is a visual or mathematical
description that shows how pressure varies from point
to point along a surface.

Pressure distribution for aircra

(not hydrostatic but similar

Pressure distribution is always compressive and

that pressure is always normal to the surface.

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Relating pressure to force

The net force due to a pressure distribution:

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Uniform pressure distribution: the pressure is the same

at every point.

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Hydrostatic force on plane surfaces:

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Hydrostatic force on plane surfaces:

The

magnitude of the resultant

force:
: pressure at the depth of the
centroid
: the slant distance which
measures the length from the
surface
of liquid
to the
centroid
The location
of the
resultant
force (center of pressure):
of the panel.
: the slant distance which measures the length from the
surface of liquid to the centroid of the panel.
: the area moment of inertia of panel with respective to a
horizontal axis (x-axis) that passes through the centroid of
the surface.
=
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yy

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Hydrostatic force on plane surfaces:

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Hydrostatic force on plane surfaces:

Steps:
1. Find the location of the centroid of the surface ().
2. Calculate the hydrostatic pressure at the
centroid ().
3. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force
4. Calculate the area moment of inertia of the
surface about the centroidal axis ().(Formulas are
given in Figure A.1)
5. Calculate the location of the center of pressure
(CP) using

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Example: A car plunges into a lake, the door is

1.2m high and 1m wide, the top edge of the door
is 8m below the free surface. Discuss whether
the driver can open the door.

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Example(TopHat): A 4m
diameter circular gate is located in
the inclined wall of a large reservoir
containing water (). The gate is
mounted on a shaft along its
horizontal diameter for water depth
of 10m above the shaft. Determine
(a) the magnitude and location of
the resultant force exerted on
the gate by water
(b) The moment that would have to
be applied to the shaft to open
the gate

10
m

60o
stop
shaf
t

4m

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Example:

10
m

60o
stop
shaf
t

4m

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Hydrostatic force on curved surfaces:

Central idea: Forces on a curved surface may be found by

applying force and moment balances to systems
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comprised of the fluid in contact with the curved surface

Hydrostatic force on curved surfaces:

Example 3.11 in the
textbook.

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Hydrostatic force on curved surfaces:

Example 3.11 in the
textbook.

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Hydrostatic force on curved surfaces:

The force on surface AB

equals the weight of liquid
above the surface.

The force on surface ab

equals the weight of liquid
needed to fill a volume that
extends from the surface to
the free surface.

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Hydrostatic force on curved surfaces:

Buoyant Force (Buoyancy):

The

upward force:

The downward force:

The

buoyant force:

Center of buoyance:
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Buoyant Force (Buoyancy):

The

pressure acts on curved surface ADC causing an

upward force (buoyant force) equal to the weight of
liquid that would be needed to fill volume

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Buoyant Force (Buoyancy):

Archimedes principle: For an object partially or

completely submerged in a fluid, there is an upward
force (buoyant force) equals to the weight of the
displaced fluid.

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Hydrostatic force on curved surfaces:

Stability:

fig_3-27

Stability:

fig_3-28

M: Metacenter.
GM: Metacentric height