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Expected Outcome
Key concepts:
Crystal and Amorphous Solids;
Basic crystal structures (FCC, BCC, HCP)
Complex crystal structures (NaCl, CsCl, Perovskite)
Crystal directions and crystal planes
Skills:
Compute the density for given crystal structure
Understand and draw a given crystal structure
Determine index for given crystal direction and plane
Atomic structures
Electronegativity
Almost all metals exist as crystals. Three major types are FCC, BCC,
and HCP.
FCC (Faced Centered Cubic)
examples: Cu, Al, Au, Ag, Fe (1183 1663 K)
Cross section
4R a 2 a 2
4R a 2
4R a 2 a 2 a 2
4R a 3
A
c
A layer
A
a
a = 2R
A& B
layers
CsCl
C s+
Cl
Calculation of density
mass
Density
volume
1
NA
NA = Avogadros number
= 6.02 1023 atoms/mole
4 0.124 10 7 cm
a
2.86 10 8 cm
1.73
3
4R
2.35 10 23 cm 3
Volume a
unitcell
mole
1.85 10 22 g
55.85 g
mass 2atoms
23
mol
unitcell
6.02 10 atoms
density
1.85 10 -22 g
2.35 10 - 23 cm 3
7.87 gm
cm 3
Crystal directions
Crystal directions are defined in the following way, relative to the unit cell.
1) Choose a beginning point (X1, Y1, Z1) and an ending point (X2, Y2,
Z2), with the position defined in terms of the unit cell dimensions.
Beginning point:
(X1, Y1, Z1):
(1, 1, 0)
Ending point:
(X2, Y2, Z2):
(1/2, 0, 1)
2) Calculate the differences in each direction, X, Y, Z.
X, Y, Z :
(-1/2, -1, 1)
3) Multiply the differences by a common constant to convert them to the
smallest possible integers u, v, w
(u, v, w)
:
(-1, -2, 2)
__
[1 2 2]
[11 1]
[0 10 ]
[11 0]
[1 0 0 ]
Crystal planes
All crystal planes may be identified by their
Miller indices, which are the reciprocal of
the intercepts of the plane with the a, b, and
c axes of the unit cell
1 /2
1 /4
Y
1 /2
(1 2 1)
( 1 0 0)
(1 1 0 )
(1 1 1 )
( 1 0 0)
(1 1 0 )
(1 1 1 )
Expected Outcome
Key concepts:
Crystal and Amorphous Solids;
Basic crystal structures (FCC, BCC, HCP)
Complex crystal structures (NaCl, CsCl, Perovskite)
Crystal directions and crystal planes
Skills:
Compute the density for given solid
Understand and draw a given crystal structure
Determine index for given crystal direction and plane