COMPUTER

SYSTEM
ORGANIZATION
By : Manish Tyagi
Class : 11 B

What is a Computer ?

Computer is an
electronic device which
process raw facts and
figures/data into
meaningful information.

Functional
Components of a
Computer

Input
Unit
The Input Unit is
formed by the input
devices attached to the
computer. Examples of
input devices and media
are : Keyboards, Mouse,
Magnetic Ink Character
Reader (MICR), Optical
Mark Reader (OMR),
Optical Character Reader
(OCR), Joystick etc.

Processing Unit
(CPU)
Control center for a
computer.
Guides, Directs and
Governs its
performance.
Brain of a computer.
Has two components
:
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU)

Output
Unit
The output unit is
formed by the output
devices attached to the
computer. Some
popular output devices
are as follows : Monitor,
Printer, Plotter, Speech
Synthesizer and coder
etc.

Memor
y
The memory of
computer is often
called the main
memory or primary
memory. It
generally the third
part of the
computer.

Hardware's
Hardware represents
the physical and
tangible components of
the computer i.e., the
components that can be
seen and touched. The
electronic, electrical
and mechanical
equipments that makes
up a computer is called
hardware. The examples
of hardware are : Input
devices, Output
devices, CPU, Floppy
disk, Hard disk etc.

Softwares
Software represents the
set of programs that
governs the
operations of the
computer system and
make the hardware
run. Software is
classified into three
categories :
Operating software
Languages processors
Application software

1.
2.
3.

Operating Software's
An operating system is a program which acts as an
interface between a user and the hardware (i.e., all
computer resources ).

Evolution Of Computers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Abacus
Napiers Logs and Bones
Pascals Adding Machine
Leibnitzs Calculator
Jacquards Loom
Babbages Difference Engine
Babbages Analytical Engine
Holleriths Machine
Mark -1

Abacus
Around 3000year before
the birth of Jesus Christ,
the Mesopotamians quite
unknowingly laid the
foundation of the computer
era. They discovered the
earliest form of a beadand-wire counting machine,
which subsequently came
to be known as abacus.
The Chinese improved
upon the abacus so
that they could count
and calculate fast.

Napiers
Logs
and
Bones
John Napier

(15501617)developed the idea of

Logarithm. He used logs to
transform multiplication problem
to addition problem. Napier also
devised set of numbering rods
also known as Napiers

Bones.

He could perform both

multiplication and division with
these Bones.

g
Machi
ne
Blaise Pascal,

a French
mathematicians, invented

a machine in 1942 made

up of gears which was used
for adding numbers quickly.
This machine was capable
of addition and subtraction.
It worked on clock work
mechanism principal.

tzs
Calcul
ator
Gottfried
Leibnitz's, a German
mathematicians,
improved an adding
machine and
constructed a new
machine in 1671 that
was able to perform
multiplication and
division as well.

Differ
ence
Engin
e
Charles
Babbage, a

professor of
mathematics,
developed a
machine called

difference
engine in the year
1822.

Babbage
s
Analytica
l Engine
1833, Charles
Babbage started

In

designing an

Analytical Engine
which was to become a
real ancestor of the
modern day computer.

Holleriths
In 1887, an American
Herman
Hollerith (1869-1926)
named

fabricated what was

dreamt of by Charles

Babbage. He fabricated
the first electromechanical
punched-card tabulator
that used punched cards
for input, output and
instructions.

Mark
-1
Prof. Howard Aiken(1900-1973) in U.S.A constructed in 1943 an
electromechanical computer named Mark-1 which could multiply two 10-digit
number in 5 seconds-a record at that time.

The Generation of Modern

Computers

The First Generation of Computers(1949-55)

The Second Generation of Computers(1956-65)
The Third Generation of Computers(1966-75)
The Fourth Generation of Computers(19761990)
The Fifth Generation of Computers(1990Present)

The First Generation Computers(1949-55)

The first generation of computers used
thermionic values(Vacuum tubes) and
machine language was used for giving
instructions. The computer of this generation are
were very large in size and their programming
was a difficult task. Some computers of this
generations are being given below:
1)
ENIAC
2)
EDVAC
3)
EDSAC
4)
UNIVAC-1

The Second Generation

Computers(1956-65)
A big revolution in electronics took place with the
invention of transistors by Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley
in 1946. Transistors were highly reliable compared to
tubes. They occupied less space and required only 1/10 of
the power required by tubes. Also they took 1/10
time(switching from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0) needed by tubes and
were ten times cheaper than those using tubes.
The second generation computers began with the advent
of transistorized circuitry, invention of magnetic core and
development of magnetic disk storage devices. These
new developments made these computers much more
reliable.

The Third Generation

Computer(1966-1975)
The third generation computers replaced transistors with
Integrated Circuits known popularly as chips. The
Integrated Circuits or I.C. was inverted by Jack Kilby at
Texas instruments in 1958.
The third generation computers using integrated circuits
proved to be highly reliable, relatively inexpensive, and
faster. Less human labor was required at assembly stage.
Examples of main-frame computers developed during this
generation are: IBM-360 series, ICL-1900 series,IBM-370/168,
ICL-2900, Honeywell Model 316, Honeywell-6000 series.

The Fourth Generation

Computer(1976-1990)

The advent of the microprocessor chip marked the beginning of the

fourth generation computers. Medium scale integrated(MSI)
circuits yielded to Large and Very Large scale
Integrated(VLSI) circuits packing about 50000 transistors in a
chip. Semiconductor memories replaced magnetic core memories.

Some key features of this are:

1) Integrated circuits, smaller and faster
2) Micro computer series such as IBM and APPLE developed
3) Portable computers developed
4) Great development in data communication
5) Different types of secondary memory with high storage capacity
and fast access developed

The Fifth Generation

Computers(1990-Present)
Features of fifth generation are:

Parallel-processing many processors are grouped to

function as one large group processor.

Superconductors-a super conductor is a conductor

through which electricity can travel without any resistance
resulting in faster transfer of information between the
components of a computer.

Types of Computers

Input Devices

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

An Input Device is any hardware component used to

enter data, programs, commands and user responses
into a computer.
Different types of input devises are :Keyboard
Web cam
Mouse
MICR
OCR
OMR
Bar code Readers

Keybo
ard

Mous
e

Light
Pen

Joyst
ick

MIC
R

C
R

OM
R

nne
r

Biometric
Sensors

Output Devices
The most common output devices are :1)
Monitor
2)
Printer
3)
Plotters
4)
Speakers

Monitors

Prin
ters

Plot
ters

Memory
Devices

Hardware Components of a system:-

THE
PRESENT
ATION
Thank
you