Introduction to Petrophysics

Ricky Adi Wibowo

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Outline
Introduction to Petroleum Systems
Logging-Life of Well
Formation Properties
Tool Theory and Interpretations
Petrophysics Interpretations Workflow
Petrophysics Interpretations
Sandstone
Carbonate

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A definition of petrophysics
The study of pore liquids and gases lies in the scope
of hydrology and petroleum engineering.
Petrophysics, the study of the physical properties of
pores, lies on the boundary between these disciplines
and sedimentary geology.
Selley, 1988
There is a need for a term to express the physics of rocks. It should be
related to petrology much as geophysics is related to geology. Petrophysics
is suggested as the term pertaining to the physics of particular rock types,
whereas geophysics pertains to the physics of larger rock systems
composing the earth.
Archie, 1950
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What is Petrophysics?
Using:

Mud logs
Cores
Open hole and cased hole logs
Production test

We can determine:
Fluid properties such as saturations and contacts
Rock properties such as porosity, permeability and lithology
Production information like cement integrity, fluid flow

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Petrophysics in integrated
GGR studies
Geophysics

Geology

Petrophysics

Reservoir
engineering

Well data preparation well data collation; log data editing, environmental corrections, and normalisation; core
data preparation

Geophysics

Time-depth
calibration
Synthetics
Fluid
substitution
Rock
physics
modelling
Structural
interpretati
on
Attribute
analysis

Geology
Link between geology
and geophysics
through relationship
between physical
characteristics

Geological
facies
analysis
Borehole
image
interpretati
on
Structural
interpretati
on
Sedimentol
ogical
interpretati
on
Fracture
interpretati

Petrophysics
Link between geology

and petrophysics
through relationship
between geological
and petrophysical rock
types

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Petrophysic
al rock type
analysis
Lithology,
porosity,
and
saturation
Saturation
height
functions
Permeabilit
y analysis
Pay
determinati
on

Reservoir
engineering
Link between

petrophysics and
reservoir engineering
through fluid
distribution consistent
with reservoir
properties and

pressure distribution

Formation
tester
analysis
Pressure
gradient
analysis
Fluid
contact and
distribution
determinati
on
Well test
analysis

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The petrophysics big picture

Reservoir
engineering

Petrology

Rock
matrix

Fluids
Pore
network

Tool response

Measurement
physics

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A conceptual framework for reservoir

petrophysics studies
Regional-Petroleum system

Study Basin and detail lithology

Formation Evaluation Reservoir

Compartements

Seismic Model Production Data

Geostatistic Models Reservoir
Management
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Summary of the Petroleum System

Our
industry
is
prospecting
Seal Rock
a
n Hydrocarbon FIELDS
v
for
r
o
Reservoir Rock
i
e
at that are within these basins
es
l
r
Overburden
P Rock mu
Source Rock ccuthat are formed, filled, and deformed
A
n
it o

From: Basin and Petroleum System Modeling,

Oilfield Review, Summer 2009: Mobarek Al-Hajeri etal.
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Basin-Filling

Variety of Basin Fill Rocks

Source rocks
- reducing conditions in the sediments
- lacustine environments
- restricted marine (lagoons, pelagic)
- peat swamps

Special Case (unconventional) : Source and Reservoir are the same

Reservoir rocks
Coal
Bed Methane (CBM)
systems
Shale Fluvial
gas
- Carbonate Reefs
Fractured basement
- Beach deposits
- Eolian deposits (sand dunes)
Seal rocks
- Salt (Anhydrite or Sylvite)
- Basalt/Ash beds
- Cemented Carbonates beds
- Marine/Lacustrine shales
From: Basin Analysis and Basin Modeling: From Input to Output
By Dr. Daniel Palmowski, IES GmbH, Germany 02/2010
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Big Picture - why we log

Lithology (reservoir rock?)

Resistivity (HC,water,both?)
Porosity (how much HC?)
What type of HC

Formation mech. properties

Permeability / cap pressure
Shape of the structure
Geological information
Geothermal
Unconventional applications

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A Well Log
Why Interpret Well Logs?

The principal objective of well log

interpretation is to determine whether
there is oil or gas in the penetrated
borehole and if any, how much can be
recovered and how much water will be
produced.
To answer: is the well profitable for
our client?
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Some of these 1basic
questions may be

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Big Picture - Why We Log

In simple words:
Where is it? (the hydrocarbon)
What is it? (oil or gas) How much is there?
How extensive is it?
How fast and how long can it be produced?

All these can be answered through the

formation
What are the keyproperty
parameters thatestimation
help us quantify the from
reserves?logs

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Petroleum
Explorations Challenge
Interpreting the Unseen
Surface Geology
- Aerial photos
- Geologic maps
Subsurface Analysis
- Gravity
- Magnetics
- Seismic
- Well logging

Silicon Graphics

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Schlumberger Oilfield Services

Geophysics
Geology

Geomechanics

Drilling Eng.

Information Eng.

Project Mgmt.

Petrophysics
Reservoir Eng.

Production Eng.
Eng.
1Completion
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Reservoirs

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The Reservoir & Petroleum

System

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Petroleum formation,
migration & accumulation

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TJN

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Petroleum
System
Petroleum System
ElementsElements
Anticlinal Trap

Top Seal Rock

(Impermeable)
Reservoir Rock
(Porous/Permeable)

Potential
Migration Route

Source Rock

(Organic Rich)
24803

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Traps

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Traps

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Drilling During the Field Lifecycle

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Quiz

Reservoir elements

What are the major elements of a reservoir?

asp-16/04/2011

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Quiz

Reservoir elements

What are the major elements of a reservoir?

permeable rock :
source rock:
impermeable rock:
trap:
migration:

stores the hydrocarbon

produces hydrocarbon
seals or traps hydrocarbon
captures fluids
transport of hydrocarbon into reservoir

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To be continued to next sessions

(Logging Live of Well)

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